2 December      Zowonjezera

Lamulo lachitsanzo pa Muyezo wa Mtendere Wamuyaya (Kukonzekera) 

      Vuto lalikulu kwa ife anthu ndiloti palibe zochitika zakale zomwe zingatsatire njira yamtendere . Komabe, ndikhumbo lathu kuti tipereke lamulo lachitsanzo limeneli ndikuthandizira mtendere wapadziko lonse.

1. Udindo wofunikira: Lamulo lachitsanzo linafotokozera mwachidule malamulo a mayiko.

2. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri: Dziko Lapansi limodzi, gulu limodzi la malamulo.

3. Khalidwe lofunikira: Lamulo lachitsanzo la ISO

1. Ndi Charter ya UN, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake . anthu olamulidwa ndi boma), ndi gawo laling'ono (anthu odzilamulira okha a maboma, zigawo, zigawo, ndi matauni).

2. Ngati lamulo lili lonse la Mulingo wa Constitutional imeneyi, kapena kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake ku dziko, bungwe, munthu, kapena mikhalidwe ili yonse ikhala yosavomerezeka, gawo lotsala la Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa lamuloli kwa munthu wina aliyense kapena zochitika sizidzakhala. kukhudzidwa ndi izi.

(1) Mlingo wa Supranational (boma la United Nations, ndi zina zotero): Tsatirani chikalata cha bungwe popanda kuphwanya mfundo za Model Law on Eternal Peace Standard , ndikuwononga mfundo zokomera munthu aliyense kapena gulu lililonse.

(2) Mulingo wadziko lonse (mamembala 193 a UN, ndi zina zotero): Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi wolunjika, mogwira mtima, komanso umagwira ntchito m'dziko lililonse. Itha kuwonjezeredwa ndi kusinthidwa, kapena gawo lina silingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwakanthawi. Koma mfundo ya m’mene ili pamwambayi ndi yakuti zisachepetse kapena kuwononga ntchito yabwino ya mtendere wosatha ^[1] .

^[1] . Kayendetsedwe ka ma charter ndi njira zowongolera za International Standards Organisation zimalumikizana ndikukhazikitsa njira yozikidwa pa loop.

(3) Magawo ang'onoang'ono a (maboma, zigawo, zigawo, ma municipalities, maiko a mgwirizano, ndi zina zotero): Kupatula zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi dziko lonse, monga Constitutional Standard §15 ndi §18, zina zonse ndi mfundo zomwe zingatheke. mwachindunji ogwira ntchito mokwanira.

3. Ufulu wosiyanasiyana malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa mu Constitutional Standards sizidzatengedwa ngati kukana kapena kuchotsa ufulu wina womwe anthu ali nawo (Constitutional Standard §13 ndi §14). Pazigawo zomwe sizimakhazikitsa malamulo onse ndikutsatira malamulo oletsa, njira zawo zimatsatiridwa ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, malamulo oyendetsera dziko, malamulo a bungwe, kapena malamulo.

4. Malamulo onse kapena zikhalidwe zokhuza kukula kwa ndime za mu Constitutional Standard zimatsatiridwa ndi ndime za mu Constitutional Standard. Kusintha kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino sikudzakhazikitsidwa pa chilichonse chomwe chimakhudza maziko omwe maziko a mtendere wamuyaya wapadziko lonse kapena wadziko (mitundu iwiri ya chifuniro chaumwini ndi  malamulo 28 a sayansi ) ali.

5. Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndiye phata la lamulo lalikulu la mabungwe onse akuluakulu, adziko ndi ang'onoang'ono. Ndime zazikulu zotsogola zotsatirazi, zigamulo zoteteza, ndi zigamulo zoperekedwa ndi malamulo achindunji komanso ogwira mtima omwe amamanga nthambi zamalamulo, oyang'anira, ndi oweruza.

Mitundu iwiri ya chifuniro cha subjective

1. Mtendere wosatha kwa anthu. Ndi malamulo achilengedwe ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi monga lamulo lalikulu, kulimbikitsa Miyezo ya Constitutional Standard ku ISO-oriented Model Law, kuphatikiza ulamulilo wamalamulo, ndikupanga lamulo lamtendere lamuyaya.

2. Chitukuko chokhazikika cha dziko lapansi. Tengani mapulaneti a dzuwa ndi UN monga machitidwe ogwirira ntchito, kulimbikitsa miyezo ya boma kuti ikhale ya ISO-oriented Model Law, kukulitsa utsogoleri wapadziko lonse, ndikupanga chitukuko chachikulu cha chitukuko chokhazikika.

Makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu ufulu wachibadwidwe waumunthu / malamulo a sayansi

Mutu 1 Ufulu  ndi ntchito za  anthu

Mutu 1 Muyezo wamtendere wamuyaya waufulu

Mutu 1 Fuko lokhazikitsidwa pa ufulu [1 ^st Law of Eternal Peace]

Kukula kwakukulu kwa ufulu waumunthu . Ikani dziko ngati dziko lalikulu lokhala ndi miyezo ya ufulu ^[2] , ndi zigawo ndi matauni monga zitsanzo zazikulu za ufulu ^[3] . Ulemu ndi ufulu waumunthu sizingasokonezedwe. Anthu ndi ambuye obadwa nawo a dziko lapansi ndi dziko, ndi nkhani zachindunji za malamulo apadziko lonse ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi ^[4] . Anthu okhala m'derali ali ndi mphamvu ^[5] mopanda malire komanso momveka bwino. Pokhapokha pazisankho zanthawi zonse ndi anthu m'mene boma lovomerezeka lingapangidwe. Pokhapokha polumbira kutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi mokhulupirika ndizotheka kukhala ndi mphamvu zaboma ^[6]kupangidwa.

^[2] . Cholinga chenicheni cha boma ndi ufulu. "Cholinga chachikulu cha boma si kulamulira, kapena kuletsa, mwa mantha, ... kulimbitsa ufulu wake wachibadwidwe wakukhalapo ndikugwira ntchito popanda kudzivulaza kapena kuvulaza ena." (Baruch Spinoza, wafilosofi wachi Dutch)

^[3] . PaMarch 21. 2005, Kofi Annan, Mlembi Wamkulu wachisanu ndi chiwiri wa UN, anaphatikizapo Ufulu ku mantha mu lipoti "Mu ufulu wokulirapo: ku chitukuko, chitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu onse" monga chitsogozo cha zoyesayesa zamtsogolo za UN.

^[4] .“Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chotsimikizira kuti malamulo adzikolo ali ovomerezeka.” (Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State)

^[5] .“Mphamvu zopanga malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino sizili pansi pa 'lamulo', koma zimachokera ku 'kukakamiza', komwe kumatsimikizira ngati dzikolo ndi lipabuliki kapena ufumu wa monarchy, ndikutsimikizira ngati boma ndi demokalase kapena ulamuliro wankhanza." (Lin Chi-dong, Justice of the Republic of China)

^[6] . Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi chitsanzo cha anthu, mfundo za dziko, zofuna za anthu onse, ndi ufulu wa habeas corpus. Mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino zimabwereranso kwa anthu mopanda malire. Anthu ndi olamulira a miyoyo yawo; anthu amalamulira tsogolo lawo, tsogolo la banja, ndi tsogolo la dziko.

Ndime 2 Kusintha kwa Ufulu [2 ^nd Lamulo la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Ndi zoletsedwa kwa zipani za ndale, andale, atolankhani, magulu achifwamba, ndi amene ali ndi ulamuliro kuchita zinthu zoipa kuti alamulire dziko. Maulendo onse owulutsa mawaya / opanda mawaya ali ndi anthu onse. Mlungu uliwonse, siteshoni iliyonse ya TV iyenera kupereka  mphindi 30 za utumiki kwaulere, ndi  uthenga waufupi kudzera pa intaneti kwaulere, kwa otenga nawo mbali pa ndale kuti agwiritse ntchito momasuka ^[7] . Chilichonse mwa zipani zazikulu zisanu ndi zinayi zili ndi wailesi ya dziko lonse kwaulere. Makanema apawailesi yakanema, mawayilesi, ndi mawailesi ena akuyenera kutsatiridwa ndi zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa. Yesetsani kutheketsa aliyense padziko lapansi kulandira nkhani za umphaŵi, matenda, kuipitsa, nkhondo, maphunziro a malamulo a mayiko, ndi nkhani zina zochokera ku UN.

^[7] . Mlungu uliwonse chaka chonse, maminiti a 30 a TV ndi uthenga umodzi waufupi pa intaneti, ndi malamulo oyendetsera ntchito malinga ndi "kuchita bwino kwa magawo III" adzakhazikitsidwa ndi machitidwe osiyana.

^{Ndime 3 Kutsegula} ufulu [ Lamulo la 3 la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Ufulu ndiye maziko onse olimbikitsa mtendere. Chisankho ndi chofunikira chofunikira pa maphunziro apamwamba ^[8] , kugawa, kukambirana, mgwirizano, mgwirizano, ndi ulamuliro ^[9] . Chaka chilichonse, kuchuluka kwa mavoti sayenera kupitirira ku Switzerland ^[10] kapena California ^[11] , US yomwe ili ndi ndalama zambiri pa munthu aliyense. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mzimu wa dziko, aliyense akhoza kusonyeza luso lawo. Opuma pantchito omwe adzifunira okha maudindo aboma popanda malipiro adzalandira 30% ya mavoti omwe apambana.

^[8] .“Chotsatirapo pa ufulu ndi chilungamo ndicho maphunziro ofala, amene popanda ufulu kapena chilungamo sizingasungidwe kosatha.” (James A. Garfield, Purezidenti wa US)

^[9] . Demokalase ndi yokhudza kufalitsa ululu wa umphawi kwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu kudzera mu zisankho kapena chisankho chobwezeretsa. (Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize mu Economic Sciences)

^[10] Pakati pa mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu opitilira 8 miliyoni, Switzerland ili ndi ndalama zambiri padziko lonse lapansi pazaka 100, ndi avareji ya mavoti 5.41 pachaka, kuphatikiza ma referendum a 3.82 pachaka (kuchepetsa kupitilira masiku), ndi ofanana ndi pafupifupi 9.23 pachaka.

^[11] Pakati pa mabungwe odzilamulira okha a mayiko akuluakulu okhala ndi anthu opitilira 40 miliyoni, kutenga California, US mwachitsanzo, ndalama zomwe amapeza pa munthu aliyense ndizokwera kwambiri, ndipo okhalamo amapita kumalo oponya voti kukavota ka 11. pafupifupi pachaka. (kuchokera ku database ya mayanjano athu)

Ndime 4 Chitetezo cha Ufulu [Lamulo la 4 ^la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Kukhala pamodzi kwa ufulu ndi maudindo, kulekanitsa kwathunthu ndale ndi chipembedzo ^[12] . Anthu amakakamizika kuchita usilikali, ntchito zademokalase, utumiki wamtendere, kulipira msonkho, ndi zina zotero. Aliyense amene achita zinthu zosokoneza mtendere, kuukira demokalase, ulamuliro wa malamulo kapena dongosolo, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ufulu waufulu, kufalitsa nkhani zabodza zachidziwitso pazochitika zamkati ^{[13] ]} , zokambirana, nkhani za usilikali, zachuma ndi malonda, etc., kapena kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wankhanza, kutsatira adani, kuwapatsa thandizo ndi chitonthozo ayenera yomweyo kuletsedwa, kumangidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu.

^[12] Akuluakulu a boma asagwiritse ntchito ndalama za boma popereka ndalama, katangale, kulodza kapena kudyera masuku pamutu chipembedzo chilichonse kapena okhulupirira. Powona kuti chipani cholamula cha Japan chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi tchalitchi cha Unification, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Shinzo Abe aphedwe mu 2022, nduna zisanu ndi ziwiri za nduna za bungwe la Unification Church zidasiya ntchito.

^[13] Kuwonetsetsa kuti zidziwitso zapadziko lonse lapansi ndizowona komanso kuwonekera poyera ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ufulu wa kulankhula sumateteza ku zolakwa za kulankhula. Kupanga kapena kufalitsa nkhani zabodza sikukhudzana ndi ufulu wolankhula, kumangowononga kukhulupirirana, mgwirizano, mgwirizano, makhalidwe abwino ndi ubale.

Mutu 2 Muyezo wamtendere wamuyaya wa demokalase

Ndime 5 Fuko lokhazikitsidwa pa demokalase ^[14] [5th ^Lamulo la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa demokalase yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ikani dziko ngati dziko lalikulu lomwe lili ndi mfundo za demokalase , ndipo zigawo ndi matauni monga zitsanzo zabwino za demokalase . Anthu amabadwa kuti akhale ambuye a dziko lapansi ndi dziko, mitu yachindunji ya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, ndi nkhani zomaliza za ufulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ufulu ndi udindo kwa anthu ndi  boma. Atsogoleri a mabungwe aboma ndi maunduna akuyenera, motengera udindo ndi udindo wa maunduna, kukhazikitsa udindo wotsitsimutsa demokalase yayikulu.

^[14] "Demokalase ndiye boma loyipa kwambiri, kupatula ena onse omwe adayesedwa." (Winston Churchill, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Britain) “Boma limenelo la anthu, lopangidwa ndi anthu, kaamba ka anthu, silidzawonongeka padziko lapansi. (Abraham Lincoln, Purezidenti wa US) Boma silili la chipani, lolamulidwa ndi chipani, ndipo limakondwera ndi chipani monga North Korea.

Ndime 6 Kusintha kwa demokalase ^[15] [Lamulo la 6 ^la Mtendere Wosatha]

Kuthandizira kuchiritsa kwakukulu kwazovuta zamkati mu ndale za demokalase ndikupanga ndale zamagulu atatu. Pitirizani kutenga nawo mbali pakuvota kosalekeza komanso kosalekeza kuti muthetse ndikugwirizanitsa nkhani zomwe zikuchitika, zogwira mtima, zotsutsana, magawano, mantha, ndi zotsutsana. Asilikali, akuluakulu aboma, azibusa, ogwira ntchito pawailesi yakanema, kapena anthu ena otetezedwa ndi ufulu ^[16] ayenera kupambana mayeso azamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Banki yamafunso iyenera kulengezedwa chaka chimodzi pasadakhale ndikukambirana ndi Khothi Lachilungamo Ladziko Lonse la Hague kapena Hague Academy of International Law kuti ivomerezedwe.

^[15] Demokalase yeniyeni ili ndi ambuye awiri, "anthu" ndi "lamulo". (Aristotle, Greek philosopher) Kusintha kwa demokalase kwa zipani zandale, ndalama zakuda, zoulutsira mawu, utsogoleri wankhanza kapena matenda osatha andale okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana akuyenera kupitiliza zisankho ndikuphatikiza ntchito.

^[16] M'dziko lademokalase, palibe mangawa opanda ufulu, ndipo palibe ufulu wopanda mangawa; maufulu ndi udindo zimakhalira limodzi.

^{Ndime 7 Kutsegula} demokalase [ Lamulo la 7 la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Bungwe lililonse liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti opanga zinthu zatsopano, kukumba maziko ndi zinthu zomwe akufuna kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mabungwe a Constitutional Standard ^[17] , ndikukopa anthu omwe ali ndi luso padziko lonse lapansi kupita ku mtundu wachitsanzo wa Constitutional Standard ^[18 ] dziko lapansi ndikukhala dziko wamba la nzika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kutsitsimutsanso kufunika ndi ulemu waumunthu wa demokalase yaikulu, nzika za mayiko ademokalase mokwanira ^[19]  akhoza kuchita nawo zisankho pamagulu onse (kuphatikizapo utsogoleri) m'dziko lathu ndi kukweza mpikisano wa dziko lachitsanzo la Constitutional Standard padziko lonse lapansi.

^[17] Machitidwe onse oyambira, monga machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito, machitidwe a malamulo, machitidwe azachuma ndi machitidwe aukadaulo, ndizomwe zimayambira.

^[18] Mawu oti "dziko lachitsanzo" amatanthauza maiko, zigawo ndi ma maiko ang'onoang'ono omwe amatsatira Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard.

^[19] Pa ziwerengero za demokalase pazaka za 2008 mpaka 2021, chonde onani matebulo omwe ali patsamba lathu kuti mumve zambiri. Kufunika kothetsa ulamuliro wa autocracy ndi chifukwa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu chikufuna kugonjetsa dziko lonse lapansi. (Communist Manifesto) Ngati sipadzakhala kulimbana kapena kukulitsa, kupondereza ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu kudzakhala kusowa chowiringula chabwino.

Ndime 8 Chitetezo cha demokalase [Lamulo la 8 ^la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Onetsetsani bwino kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, anthu, katundu, ndi mauthenga ochokera kumayiko akunja. Mafumu osankhidwa amakhala ochepa kwa zaka zisanu. Pambuyo pa nthawiyi, akuluakulu ndi achibale awo apamtima, mkati mwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ^[20] , amaletsedwa kuthamangira maudindo awo akale kapena okhudzana ndi lamulo ^[21] . Aliyense amene atenga nawo mbali pakukonzanso malamulo a dziko lino ndikusintha nthawi yogwira ntchito amaonedwa kuti ndi wopanduka ndipo ayenera kumangidwa ndikuimbidwa mlandu nthawi yomweyo ^[22] . Zosintha zamalamulo a dziko ziyenela kubvomelezedwa ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo awiri mwa magawo awiri mwa magawo awiri a aphungu a konkire, ndi kubvomelezedwa ndi magawo awiri pa atatu a aphungu a magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a makonsolo apakati pa dziko; ndiye referendum ikhoza kuchitika ^[23]. Mu referendum, osachepera 50 peresenti ya omwe ali ndi ufulu wovota ayenera kuvomereza malingaliro ^[24] .

^[20] Constitution ya Costa Rica §132 [m'munsimu] sadzasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti kapena Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti: 1. Munthu yemwe adakhala paudindo wa Purezidenti nthawi iliyonse mkati mwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu chisankho chisanachitike…

^{[makumi awiri ndi mphambu imodzi]}Dongosolo la nthawi yogwira ntchito muofesi ndi chinthu chachikulu chopangidwa ndi anthu. Mafumu osankhidwa amakhala ndi udindo umodzi wokha ndipo nthawi yokhala paudindo sidutsa zaka zisanu ndipo sangasankhidwenso. Ena angafunse kuti ngati kuikidwa kamodzi kokha ndikololedwa, nchifukwa ninji mmodzi sangasankhidwenso kaŵiri kapena nthaŵi zopanda malire? Tengani Purezidenti wa Belarus mwachitsanzo, adasankhidwanso kwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi otsatizana. Putin waku Russia wakhala akulamulira dziko lake kwazaka zopitilira khumi. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la umisiri, kupangidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu, kwawonongedwa. Lamulo la Zandale la Republic of Guatemala §186: Zoletsa kusankha Maofesi a Purezidenti kapena Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Republic. Otsatirawa sangasankhe kukhala mutsogoleli wadziko kapena wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko: a. Mtsogoleri kapena mafumu a coup d'état , zigawenga za zida kapena gulu lofananira, omwe asintha dongosolo lamalamulo, kapena iwo omwe chifukwa cha zochitika zotere atenga utsogoleri wa boma; b. Munthu amene ali ndi udindo wa mutsogoleli wadziko kapena wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko pamene zisankho zicitika pa nchitoyo, kapena amene wacita cimodzimodzi kwa nthawi ina iliyonse mu nthawi ya utsogoleli wadziko pamene masankho amacitikila; c. Achibale ku digiri yachinai ya consanguinity ndi yachiwiri ya ubale (, ndi okwatirana chaka chisanafike chisankho mu Constitution of the Republic of Honduras §240.6) wa Purezidenti kapena Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Republic, pamene womalizayo akugwira ntchito za Purezidenti, ndi za anthu omwe atchulidwa m'ndime yoyamba ya Ndimeyi; d. Munthu yemwe angakhale Minister of State, kwa nthawi iliyonse mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chisankho chisanachitike; e. Mamembala a Asilikali, pokhapokha atasiya ntchito kapena kusiya ntchito kwa zaka zisanu lisanafike tsiku la msonkhano wa zisankho; f. Atumiki a chipembedzo chilichonse kapena chipembedzo; ndi g. Oweruza a Supreme Electoral Tribunal.

^[22] Constitution ya Republic of Honduras §42.5 imalimbikitsa, imalimbikitsa, kapena imathandizira kupitiliza kapena kusankhidwanso kwa Purezidenti wa Republic; ndipo adzataya unzika. §187 ya malamulo oyendetsera dziko la Guatemala imaletsa kusankhidwanso.

^[23] §100 ya New Hampshire Constitution ikunena kuti referendum yalamulo iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu aliwonse omwe ali oyenerera kuvota. Onani ndondomeko yosintha malamulo mu §1.7, §1.8 ndi §5 ya malamulo oyendetsera dziko la US pabilu yokonzanso. Nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni ndi nkhondo zakunja zimafuna chilolezo cha magawo awiri mwa atatu a mamembala a Congress, ndi zina zotero.

^[24] Kusintha §48 ya Constitution ya Massachusetts imanena kuti referendum iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi oposa theka la oyenerera ovota kuti atsimikizire bata la ndale.

Mutu 3 Muyezo wamtendere wamuyaya wa ufulu wa anthu

Ndime 9 Fuko lokhazikitsidwa pa za ufulu wa anthu [Lamulo la 9 ^la Mtendere Wosatha]

Mgwirizano waukulu wa ufulu wa anthu padziko lapansi ^[25] . Ikani dziko ngati dziko lalikulu lomwe lili ndi miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu, ndipo zigawo ndi matauni ndi zitsanzo zabwino za ufulu wa anthu ^[26] . Kupanga mfundo zapamwamba kwambiri za moyo, kulimbikitsa malamulo a dziko lapansi, kuteteza mtendere wamuyaya wa anthu, ndi kuteteza chitukuko chokhazikika cha dziko lapansi ndi ufulu wopatulika kwambiri wa anthu ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri wa dziko. Mkulu wa chitetezo cha anthu pamlingo wapansi amasankhidwa ndi anthu ^[27] mu dongosolo la voti imodzi; zipani zitatu zimasankhidwa, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti, ndipo mtsogoleri wa chitetezo cha boma mmodzi ndi wachiwiri kwa akuluakulu a chitetezo cha boma amasankhidwa.

^[25] Miyezo yapadziko lonse ya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa UN ikasaina ndi mayiko onse omwe ali mamembala, mayiko omwe samvera malamulowo adzalephera kunena kuti mayiko ena agwirizana.

^[26] "Pangano Lapadziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale" ndi "Pangano la Padziko Lonse pa Ufulu Wachuma, Pazachikhalidwe ndi Zachikhalidwe" onse awiri adakhala malamulo apadziko lonse mu 1976. §1 ya mapangano awiriwa imapangaufulu wodzilamulira yekha. Matauni ali ndi mphamvu zopanga mawonekedwe am'deralo zakukhazikika kwapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudalirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikukhala mitu yayikulu yamayiko osiyanasiyana.

^[27] Atsogoleri a boma aku US amasankhidwa ndi anthu. Kuti apolisi atetezedwe ngati nansi wa anthu, osati nkhokwe za dziko lapansi, akuluakulu a chitetezo cha m’midzi ayenera kusankhidwa mwa zisankho zotchuka.

Ndime 10 Kusintha kwa Ufulu ^{Wachibadwidwe} [Lamulo la 10 la Mtendere Wosatha]

Ufulu wachibadwa waumunthu umakhala patsogolo pa ulamuliro wa dziko. Anthu ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo komanso ufulu wa euthanasia mwamsanga malinga ndi lamulo ^[28] . Boma limateteza anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo onse okhudzidwa ndi zinthu zaumunthu ndi ergonomic ^[29] kapena ovulala osalakwa ayenera kulipidwa ndi boma ^[30] . Nzika zonse ndi anthu omvera malamulo ^[31] , ndipo omwe sanachitenso zolakwa zina mkati mwa zaka khumi ^[32] ayenera kukhala ndi deta yokhudzana ndi zolemba zaupandu kuchotsedwa ^[33] . Theka la mamembala a National Human Rights Action and Citizenship Exercise Committee amasankhidwa ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi ufulu wa anthu ^[34] .

^[28] Swiss Federal Criminal Code §115 sichilanga anthu odzipha popanda zolinga zadyera.

^[29] Kupanga zinthu zaumunthu ndi ufulu wofunikira waumunthu, ndipo Constitutional Standard imakhazikitsa miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, European Commission idapempha mabungwe a European standardization kuti akhazikitse "EN Eurocodes" (European Standards) yogwira ntchito kumayiko omwe ali mamembala a EU ndi mayiko aku Europe pansi pamutu wakuti "Kumanga Tsogolo".

^[30] Boma ndi lomwe lachititsa kuti anthu osalakwa aphedwe m’dzikoli. Ponena za Lamulo la National Health Insurance Law la Israel, boma la Israel linkalipira anthu onse amene anapita ku Israel mwalamulo kapena mosaloledwa paphulitsa mabomba ku Yerusalemu.

^[31] “Ngati kuli kuteteza ufulu wa ofooka, amene akutsutsa, achite.” (Calvin Coolidge, Purezidenti wa US)

^[32] Cholinga cha malamulo ophwanya malamulo ndi kuphunzitsa olakwa ndikuwayembekezera kuti asachitenso zachiwembu atalangidwa. Dzikoli sililemba zopereka za anthu koma limalemba zolakwa zawo. Chilango chamtunduwu ndi kuchoka ku mzimu wa ubale. Njira yachibuda yoti "kuyika pansi mpeni wa ophera nyama ndikukhala Buddha pomwepo" ndiyoyenera kutengera. Pankhani ya chiŵerengero chaupandu chapadziko lonse, Venezuela ili pamalo oyamba ndi 84.25, Brazil ili pa nambala 10 ndi 67.85, ndipo Taiwan ili pa nambala 134 ndi 15.24. Izi ndi ziwerengero zoopsa. Popeza kuti anthu savomereza anthu amene ali ndi mbiri yaupandu, anthu amene anamangidwapo amakhala okhumudwa kwambiri moti amaganiza kuti afunika kuchita zaupandu mpaka kutha kwa moyo wawo.

^[33] "Ubwino wa anthu udzakhala lamulo lalikulu." (Cicero, wanthanthi Wachiroma) Khoti Loona za Chilungamo ku Ulaya linagamula kuti pamene ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ukuphwanyidwa ndi kuulula zinthu zaumwini, ndipo kuululidwa kwachindunji sikuli kokomera anthu, mfundozo ziyenera kuchotsedwa, ponena za “ufuluwo. kuti aiwale”.

^[34] Pofuna kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mayiko omwe akhala akukhazikitsa mtendere wamuyaya, mamembala a Human Rights Commission amapangidwa ndi akuluakulu apadziko lonse. Kupyolera mu malingaliro ndi malingaliro a akuluakulu apadziko lonse, ufulu waumunthu udzakhala wogwirizana ndi miyezo ya mayiko.

Ndime 11 Kutsegula Ufulu ^{Wachibadwidwe} [ Lamulo la 11 la Mtendere Wosatha]

Mitundu yonse ndi yofanana paufulu wa anthu. Ufulu waumunthu ndi wosagawanika ndipo sungathe kusamutsidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Ufulu wa munthu aliyense ukachitiridwa nkhanza ndi kuonongeka ndi chinyengo, amawonedwa ngati ozunzidwa ndi anthu onse. Ufulu wa anthu wamba udzatetezedwa ^[35] . Ukoka wa usilikali wotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chotsutsa-okangalika kapena kupembedza makolo amatengera kupondereza anthu ang'onoang'ono, kugawa tsankho, kukakamiza kuzimiririka, kuphwanya malamulo adziko lapansi, kusokoneza mitundu ya anthu, komanso kupha anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi ^[36]  .

^[35] Kufanana kwakukulu ndiko kuzindikira kuti lamulo liyenera kuganizira zinthu monga tsankho, kusalidwa, ndi kugawa kosafanana. Imakhazikitsa njira zapadera zothandizira kapena kukonza miyoyo ya anthu ovutika, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ali ndi mwayi wofanana ndi wina aliyense.

^[36] Kukonda dziko lonse kumatsatira mfundo zaufulu zachikhalidwe zaufulu, kulolerana, kufanana, ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi zina zotero. Umembala wa Citizen State ndi wotseguka kwa nzika iliyonse yokhala ndi unzika, posatengera chikhalidwe kapena mtundu.

Ndime 12 Chitetezo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ^[37] [Lamulo la 12 ^la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Ufulu wa anthu ndizochitika zamkati za dziko ^[38] . Akuluakulu a boma akuyenera kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wachibadwidwe, ufulu wa chilengedwe, ufulu wamtendere, ndi ufulu wachitukuko sizidzatha tsiku limodzi kuchokera kwa mayiko ena. Chaka chilichonse, atsogoleri a mautumiki osiyanasiyana amasankhidwa ndipo mtsogoleri mmodzi yekha wapakati ndiye amasankhidwa ndi anthu. Ndiko kuti, zisankho zizichitika chaka chilichonse. Mosasamala kanthu za ubale wapadziko lonse kapena maubwenzi apakati pa anthu, kapena nthawi kapena malo pamene kupezerera kukuchitika, ozunzidwa nthawi zonse amatha kufunafuna mangawa ophatikizana ndi angapo kuchokera kwa anthu omwe ali chete. Iwo amene amachitira umboni ena pangozi koma osafuna kupulumutsa omwe ali pangozi ^[39] , kapena omwe angathandize ozunzidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi osalakwa koma akukana kupereka umboni, ayenera kukhala ndi mlandu.^[40] .

^[37] Onani "Kodi kukwera ndi chozizwitsa chachuma cha Nazi Germany kudakhala bwanji tsoka?" "Tinayenera kulimbana ndi adani akale amtendere ... kuti Boma ndi ndalama zolinganizidwa ndi lowopsa monga momwe Boma limachitira ndi gulu lachiwawa." (Franklin D. Roosevelt, pulezidenti wa US)

^[38] "Kupanda chilungamo kulikonse ndikuwopseza chilungamo kulikonse." (Wolandira Mphoto ya Mtendere wa Nobel Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi chizolowezi cha “Nkhani zaufulu wa anthu ndi nkhani zamkati zadziko,” zamayiko osiyanasiyana, chonde onani matebulo omwe ali patsamba lathu kuti mumve zambiri.

^[39] Chinthu chokhacho chofunikira kuti choipa chipambane ndi kuti anthu abwino asachite kalikonse. Kukhala chete kwa aliyense kumatulutsa wozunzidwa wotsatira.

^[40] Onani "lamulo lachiwopsezo" m'malamulo wamba kuti agwire ntchito yopulumutsa, monga §323c ya Germany Criminal Code, §223-6 ya French Penal Code, ndi zina zotero. , 1979” ya malamulo a mwambo wapadziko lonse amalimbikitsa kupereka thandizo kwa munthu aliyense wopezeka panyanja pangozi yotayika.

Mutu 4 Muyezo wa Mtendere Wamuyaya ndi Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Ndime 13 Fuko lokhazikitsidwa pa lamulo la malamulo ^[41] [ ^13th Lamulo la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa malamulo padziko lapansi ^[42] . Ikani dziko ngati dziko lomwe lili ndi malamulo oyendetsera bwino malamulo , ndipo zigawo ndi matauni ngati njira zabwino zoyendetsera malamulo . Lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limayendetsedwa molunjika ndilo lamulo ladziko lonse, lomwe ndi lamulo la malamulo onse omwe amasunga chitukuko cha dziko ^[43] . Patadutsa zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene lamulo lalikulu la mayiko onse likugwira ntchito, lidzatengedwa ngati lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi, lamulo lalikulu la malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, ndi malamulo oyendetsera mtendere, omwe amakhazikitsa ufulu ndi udindo kwa anthu. Munthuyo ndiye mutu womaliza wa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ^[44] .

^[41] Ndime 40 ya Magna Carta idati, "Sitingagulitse kwa wina aliyense, palibe amene angakane kapena kuchedwetsa chilungamo kapena chilungamo." Ulamuliro wa malamulo ndi lingaliro loti boma ndi nzika zonse zimadziwa malamulo ndikumvera.

^[42] Ufulu Wamkulu Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Lapansi, Ufulu Wabwino wa Anthu, Ulamuliro waukulu wa lamulo, Malamulo a Padziko Lonse Lapansi, "adakukokanira, zopanduka, chinthu cha kugwa. Koma ine ndi Love tinali ndi nzeru kuti tipambane: Tinajambula bwalo lomwe linamulowetsa! (Edwin Markham, wolemba ndakatulo wopambana ku US,Wopambana)

^[43] Ngakhale kuti malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi amafuna kuti mayiko azichita zomwe akufuna, safunsa momwe mayiko ayenera kugwirira ntchito: (1) Maiko angasankhe kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. (2) Angathenso kukhazikitsa malamulo osintha malamulo apadziko lonse kukhala malamulo a dziko. (3) Angathe kuchitapo kanthu pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. (4) Angathe kuweruza milandu. (5) Boma limasankha mogwirizana ndi malamulo ake. (Hungdah Chiu, International Law)

^[44] Legal Positivism ndi lingaliro lalamulo la "gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi". Mosasamala za malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kapena malamulo adziko, "munthu" ndiye mutu wachindunji wa ufulu ndi udindo. (Hans Kelsen, katswiri wa zamalamulo wa ku Austria) Boma lomwe silitsatira malamulo a mayiko ndi boma loipa.

Ndime 14 Kusintha kwa malamulo [Lamulo la 14 ^la Mtendere Wosatha]

Kukhazikitsa malamulo onse m'malamulo amodzi ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi ndi udindo wa boma womwe sungathe kusinthidwa kapena kukhululukidwa. Malamulo a mayiko onse amapanga mbali ya malamulo a dziko. Aliyense atha kuthana ndi zinthuzo ndipo boma likhoza kuyimitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito motsatira malamulo malinga ndi momwe alili. Alendo ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo akudziko lawo mofunikira kwambiri m'dziko lathu kuti athe kumanga dziko lathu kuti likhale dziko lawo ndi kwawo ^[45] . Maiko adzakhazikitsa nkhokwe zaposachedwa kwambiri zama data ofananira nawo pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi .

^[45] Malamulo onse ali m’modzi. Alendo ali ndi ufulu woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a mayiko awo, koma lamulo lotsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya anthu kapena makhalidwe abwino ndilopanda dziko lathu.

^{Ndime 15 Kutsegula} lamulo lalamulo [ Lamulo la 15 la Mtendere Wosatha]

Kukhazikitsa mfundo za demokalase ndi ulamulilo wa malamulo. Mtsogoleli wadziko, woyimira milandu wamkulu wa boma, ndi mutsogoleli wa mabwalo amilandu ayenela kusankha mamembala a makomiti anthawi ya congress pamene akupikisana nawo pa chisankho. Mamembala a Ad Hoc Committee pa Komiti Yachitukuko Chachitukuko amasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti; mamembala a Ad Hoc Committee pa Legal Development Committee of the Global Country amasankhidwa ndi Attorney General; mamembala a Ad Hoc Committee on the Development of International Law amasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti wa Judiciary. Osankhidwa azigwira ntchito yofanana ndi yosankhidwa. Wosankhidwayo akavomerezedwa, osankhidwawo amatumizidwa ku makomiti osiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chiwonetsero chamtendere chamuyaya cha chitukuko chachikulu komanso chitsanzo cha lamulo lalikulu la malamulo ^[46].

^[46] Lamulo limalumikizidwa ndi chitukuko mu nthawi ndi malo. "Ndizotulukapo za chitukuko ... monga zakale monga chotulukapo cha chitukuko, monga momwe zilili pano monga njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko, monga mtsogolo monga njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko." (Roscoe Pound, katswiri wazamalamulo waku America)

Ndime 16 Chitetezo cha malamulo [Lamulo la 16 ^la Mtendere Wosatha]

Sinthani miyambo yamtendere ngati maziko ovomerezeka andale ^[47] . Ndizoletsedwa kuti boma liphwanye malamulo a mayiko pazifukwa zotsutsana ndi malamulo a dziko, mikhalidwe ya dziko, miyambo, mbiri, geography, chikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero, ndipo ophwanya malamulo amaonedwa kuti ndi olakwa pamilandu yotsutsana ndi dongosolo la anthu. Ulamuliro woteteza chitukuko chamtendere: malamulo a mayiko onse padziko lapansi ali mumkhalidwe umodzi wa malamulo, ndipo mulingo umodzi walamulo ukhoza kubweretsa mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi, dongosolo lachiwiri lautsogoleri (semi-presidential system), ndale zamagulu atatu, mphamvu zinayi. kulekanitsa, macheke ndi miyeso, ndi dongosolo la Republic pa makontinenti asanu.

^[47] Lingaliro la filosofi Kant la Mtendere Wosatha adanena mawu atatu ofunika: (1) Mtendere ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi mphamvu zalamulo. (2) Cholinga cha mphamvu yalamulo ndi mtendere. (3) Chotero, mtendere umadzutsa nkhani ya maziko alamulo m’zandale. (Frédéric Laupics) Choncho, Constitutional Standard iyi yakwaniritsa zolinga zawo: kukhazikitsa "gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi" komanso kukonza njira zoyendetsera dziko lonse lapansi.

Mutu 2 Mabungwe oyambira mdziko muno

Mutu 5 Muyezo wa malamulo amtendere wamuyaya ^[48]

Ndime 17 Mphamvu zamalamulo za Supranational [Lamulo la 17 ^la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Mpikisano waukulu ndi mgwirizano wa malamulo a dziko . Kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. ndizofunikira ndipo supranational ili ndi mphamvu zamalamulo ^[49] . Malamulo a dziko amafuna kutenga nawo mbali padziko lonse lapansi, mosasamala kanthu za bwenzi kapena mdani, dziko lirilonse liri ndi nthumwi imodzi, koma opanda ufulu wovota mu msonkhano wa dziko lakwawo ^[50] .

^[48] ​​Ndondomeko yoyendetsera malamulo: Lamulo liyenera kukhala lomveka bwino, lokwanira, loloseredwa, komanso logwirizana padziko lonse lapansi. Kupyolera mu kusintha kwasintha, kukhazikika ndi kugwirizanitsa kumachitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti malamulo akuyenda ndi nthawi, ndipo ubwino ndi mphamvu za dziko zikupitiriza kuyenda bwino.

^[49] Ngati mlingo wa supranational sukugwirizananso ndi zofunikira ziwiri zomwe zili pamwambazi, mphamvu zamalamulo zimakhala ku dziko lililonse.

^[50] Lamulo la dziko ndi lotseguka kuti anthu atengepo mbali padziko lonse lapansi, mosasamala kanthu za bwenzi kapena mdani. Msonkhano wadziko utha kuyimilira anthu ake kuti apange njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu. Lamulo la dziko limapititsa patsogolo kubadwa kwa "gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi". Imakhazikitsa mphamvu kuti anthu okhala m'midzi padziko lapansi aletse pamodzi maboma kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Ndi mphamvu yolepheretsanso kuletsa atsogoleri a mayiko osiyanasiyana kutsogolera anthu kuchiwonongeko.

Ndime 18 Mphamvu zamalamulo za dziko [Lamulo la 18 ^la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Congress idapanga ndale zamagulu atatu, okhala ndi mipando 150 yamakomiti amchigawo. Dera lililonse liyenera kukhala ndi membala wa Congress osachepera mmodzi. Anthu achiaborijini ndi zigawo ndi mizinda yokhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 100,000 iyenera kukhala ndi mipando itatu, ndipo mipando yotsalayo igawidwe kumadera otsala. Ovota m'boma lililonse ali ndi voti imodzi, ndipo atha kungovotera munthu m'modzi kuchokera pandandanda wa omwe akufuna. Atatu apamwamba omwe ali ndi mavoti ambiri amasankhidwa ^[51] . Mamembala a Congress amasankhidwa kwa zaka 4, ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a maboma a chisankho ayenera kusankhidwa chaka chilichonse ^[52] . Pali makomiti ad hoc 36 ^[53] popanda chigawo, ndipo chiwerengero cha mamembala a congress ndi 186. Zisankho ndizosiyana komanso zokakamiza ^[54] .

^[51] Chisankho chanyumba yamalamulo chikugwiritsa ntchito voti imodzi kuti wovota avotere munthu m'modzi yemwe angafune. Otsatira omwe ali ndi mavoti atatu apamwamba amasankhidwa. Mtundu wa dongosolo ndi onse demokalase ndi Republican. Mwa kutaya ulamuliro wopondereza wa chipani chimodzi, kulimbana kwa zipani ziŵiri, ndi chipwirikiti cha zipani zambiri, ndi kulimbikitsa kufanana kwamphamvu kwa zipani zitatu pa ndale, pamene mkangano ubuka, gulu lachitatu lokhala ndi mphamvu zofanana likhoza kuweruza ndi kuthandizira kufikira kuthetsa. Choncho, ndi kosavuta kugwirizanitsa mamembala a Congress. Pofuna kupanga ndale zokhazikika, msonkhano wa congress umachita zisankho zapang'onopang'ono chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimalola anthu kuvota kachiwiri.

^[52] M'dera lachisokonezo, ndikofunikira kudalira ndondomeko ya ndale yamagulu atatu ndikuvota mosalekeza kuti athetse ndi kugwirizanitsa mavuto, zogwira mtima, zotsutsana, zosiyana ndi zotsutsana zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse. Ovota amakhala ndi chizolowezi chosankha mamembala a chipani cha Congress pazaka zinayi zilizonse, koma kudzera mu chisankho chaching'ono chaka chilichonse, ma congress pamodzi ndi a Congress amayesedwa ndi anthu.

^[53] Mulingo wa Constitutional Mulingo uwu udzalimbikitsa "gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi", kulimbikitsa chitukuko chachikulu chamtendere wamuyaya, ndikuzindikira lamulo lalikulu lalamulo monga chitsanzo chokhazikitsa malamulo.

^[54] Zisankho ndi chimodzi mwa zofunika pa maphunziro apamwamba, kugawa, kukambirana, mgwirizano, mgwirizano ndi ulamuliro. Ku Australia, nzika zoyenerera zimakakamizidwa kuvota pachisankho. Imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zotetezera ndikutukula demokalase ndi kuti kongiresi isankhe anthu angapo chaka chilichonse. Ndi zoletsedwa kuchita zisankho za aphungu aphungu pamodzi ndi zisankho zapakati pokhapokha ngati zichitika nthawi imodzi ndi makhonsolo ang'onoang'ono, kuti asasokoneze mfundo za unduna.

Ndime 19 Mphamvu zamalamulo zapadziko lonse lapansi [Lamulo la 19 ^la Mtendere Wosatha]

Mamembala a makonsolo ang'onoang'ono kumayiko ang'onoang'ono (maboma, zigawo, zigawo, ndi matauni) amagwira ntchito imodzi yazaka ziwiri, chimodzimodzi ndi oyimira boma la US ndi boma. Ovota m’boma lililonse ali ndi voti imodzi yokha yotengera chisankho chimodzi, ndipo atatu apamwamba omwe ali ndi mavoti ochuluka amasankhidwa. Kuti akhazikitse atsogoleri andale ndikuchotsa kukhazikika, membala wa Congress atha kukhala wokamba nkhani kwa nthawi imodzi panthawi yamasiku omwe adasankhidwa ndipo sangakhalenso wokamba nkhani. Lingaliro lililonse pagulu la anthu siliyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Aliyense ali ndi ufulu kutenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yamalamulo ndi aphungu m'magawo onse, kuphatikizira kumakonsolo ang'onoang'ono mpaka kongs kapena misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi ^[55] .

^[55] Mapangidwe a mabungwe amalepheretsa malingaliro a anthu kuti asakwiridwe. Ndi munthu mmodzi dongosolo la voti imodzi, ofuna kukhala ndi mavoti atatu apamwamba amasankhidwa ngati zotsatira za chisankho. Kukonzekera kumeneku kudzalola kuti anthu ochepa kapena odziimira okha asankhidwe pampando wachitatu, womwe ukhoza kupanga mphamvu yachitatu yoletsa maganizo, malingaliro ndi makhalidwe a ena awiri. Sadzachita mopambanitsa, kugawa zofunkha, kapena kuchita zoipa.

Ndime 20 Lamulo Lolimbikitsa ^[ Lamulo la 20 la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Pangani dongosolo lamalamulo ndi zofooka zochepa komanso zabwino zambiri. Kuyimira gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi ^[56] ndi malamulo ovomerezeka a malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Thandizani maiko ena kapena maboma ang'onoang'ono (maboma, zigawo, zigawo, kapena matauni) kukhazikitsa Constitutional Standard. Chaka chilichonse, boma lidzapereka ndalama zosachepera 0.02 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za boma kuti zilimbikitse Constitutional Standard. Kusintha kwa malipiro a dziko lonse, malipiro ndi mabonasi, malipiro, malipiro a msonkho, ndi zopindulitsa ziyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi ndi "zosowa wamba ndi kugawikana wamba wa ntchito" ^[57] , ndi kupangidwa kudzera mawerengedwe aakulu deta ^[58] .

^[56] Legal positivism imalimbikitsa zinthu ziwiri zowonjezera za "international authoritative formulation" ndi "individual social performance" kuti afotokoze lingaliro lalamulo la "gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi". Ndiko kuti, "munthu" ndiye mutu wachindunji waufulu ndi maudindo apadziko lonse lapansi.

^[57] Boma limasintha malipiro, malipiro, mitengo yamisonkho, zopindulitsa, ndi zina zotero, ndipo siliyenera kuchepetsa kapena kuwononga maubwenzi a anthu ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. ( Léon Duguit, katswiri wa malamulo wa ku France) Pofuna kuletsa andale okonda anthu kugonjetsa ulamuliro wa demokalase.

^[58] Andale amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito populism kuti alimbikitse anthu ambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chokweza malipiro ndi mapindu ngati chowiringula chowononga dongosolo la demokalase. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, dziko la Argentina linakhala dziko lachisanu ndi chiwiri lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse. Ippolito atasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti mu 1916, adagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ake andale kuti awonjezere malipiro, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti dziko la Argentina litsike mpaka 59 pa ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza mu 2016.

Mutu 6 Muyezo wa kayendetsedwe ka mtendere Wamuyaya

Article 21 Supranational Administration ^[ Lamulo la 21 la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Ulamuliro waukulu waulamuliro wapadziko lonse . Mpikisano ndi mgwirizano mu mphamvu zoyang'anira zapadziko lonse lapansi zidzapanga ulamuliro wabwino padziko lonse lapansi. Pogwira ntchito za mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga UN, maboma pamagulu adziko lonse ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi mabungwe onse omwe ali ndi mphamvu pamlingo wapamwamba . Asanaperekedwe ndi chigamulo cha milandu yapadziko lonse, ngati mtsogoleri wa dziko alengeza poyera ndondomeko yomwe imaphwanya malamulo a mayiko, adzatengedwa ngati chigawenga cha nkhondo ^[59] .

^[59] "Mumafunso amphamvu, ndiye, tisamvekenso za chidaliro mwa munthu, koma amange iye ku zoyipa ndi unyolo wa Constitution." (Thomas Jefferson, Purezidenti wa US)

Ndime 22 Ulamuliro Wadziko [ ^22nd Lamulo la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Semi-pulezidenti dongosolo. Mtsogoleli wadziko amasankhidwa ndi anthu, ndipo ofuna kukhala pulezidenti ayenela kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 50 kuti asankhidwe. Purezidenti amasankha Prime Minister (yofupikitsidwa ngati PM). Pulezidenti akapereka lamulo, nduna iyenera kusainanso. PM ayenera kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 50, ali ndi maziko pachisankho chotchuka ^[60] , ndipo akhale wobadwira m'dziko). PM amatsogolera boma ^[61] ndipo ali ndi udindo woteteza dziko. Atumiki akuyenera kufalitsa masanjidwe awo ogwirira ntchito zaboma komanso mfundo zake pakuchita bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Maiko atha kujowina gulu lachitetezo chophatikizana ndipo atha kupanga malamulo osinthira ulamuliro ^[62] ku mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Bungwe lililonse liyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ^[63] .

^[60] Purezidenti akasankha wapampando wa komiti ya Congress kuti akhale nduna yayikulu, Prime Minister akhoza kusankhidwa mwachindunji. Ngati wosankhidwa kukhala PM siapampando 12 osankhidwa, PM ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi Congress.

^[61] Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard umanena ndi kuletsa utsogoleri, kutsata mosalekeza kuphatikizika kosalekeza kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi (mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi), mayiko, maiko ang'onoang'ono (magawo am'deralo), ndi kuphatikiza kwa mautumiki osiyanasiyana; mfundo iliyonse ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo ndi unduna ndi maboma ang'onoang'ono a khonsolo.

^[62] Anthu akataya ulamuliro wadziko kapena wakumaloko, adzatayanso umwini wonse wa katundu weniweni, minda ndi minda.

^[63] Kuti ntchito zaboma zikhale zabwino, onse ogwira ntchito m'boma ayenera kukhala ndi Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito (SOPs), kupanga zolemba zofunikira pochita bizinesi yawo, ndikulola kuti anthu adziwike.

Ndime 23 Ulamuliro Wadziko Lonse [23 ^rd Lamulo la Mtendere Wosatha]

Maziko a ndale zonse ndi ndale zakomweko. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino afotokoze momveka bwino nthawi yomwe boma liyenera kuchitapo kanthu pa zosowa za anthu. Nthawi zonse wina akapempha chilungamo, padzakhala kuyankha ^[64] . Boma lokonzekera bwino ndilo bungwe lalikulu lachifundo ndi ntchito zothandizira kuthetsa mavuto a anthu ^[65] . Mphamvu zonse zomwe zimakonda kwambiri derali ndi za dera, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zamalamulo, mphamvu zoweruza milandu, mphamvu zoteteza anthu, ufulu wachuma ndi malonda, ufulu wa zilankhulo, ufulu wa chikhalidwe, ufulu wa chilengedwe, ufulu wachitukuko, ndi zina zotero, ziyenera kulimbikitsa anthu kutenga nawo mbali. Oimira anthu ali ndi mphamvu zofufuza bwino ^[66] .

^[64] Pakachitika moto, chithandizo chamankhwala mwadzidzidzi, kusefukira kwamadzi, tsoka lamphepo, chivomezi, kuponderezedwa ndi mphamvu, kukakamiza kutha, kupulumutsa malo omenyera nkhondo ndi thandizo lina latsoka, nthawi yoyembekezeredwa yofika kwa opulumutsa iyenera kulengezedwa molingana ndi mtunda kuchokera. pamalo angozi. Otsatira omwe achite nawo zisankho zapakati akuyenera kupereka maganizo awo pazandale kuti zinthu ziyende bwino panthawi ya kampeni.

^[65] Ponena za Malamulo a Australia a Model Litigant, mabungwe onse aboma la Australia ali ndi udindo pamalamulo aboma kutengera oweruza.

^[66] "Jack-in-office" ndiye muzu wa ziphuphu zonse zandale. Kuphatikiza pa Constitutional Standard §14 momwe nzika zili ndi ufulu wotengera kusamutsa ndi kutengapo gawo kwa nzika, oyimilira anthu pamlingo uliwonse, bola ngati pali mamembala atatu ogwirizana, ali ndi mphamvu zopanga kafukufuku woyendetsa bwino ntchito ndikuchitapo kanthu potsutsa lamulo.

Ndime 24 Otsimikizira Malamulo Oyendetsera Dziko ^[ Lamulo la 24 la Mtendere Wosatha]

Malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi apamwamba ^[67] . Pofuna kusunga bata pamalamulo, kupewa chipwirikiti, komanso kupewa kuukira boma, Purezidenti, oimira anthu, asitikali, akuluakulu aboma, aphunzitsi, azibusa, ndi ogwira ntchito pawailesi yakanema ndi omwe amatsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamuloli . Ndi chilolezo cha Khothi Loona za Malamulo, Woimira Boma akhoza kuimba mlandu kapena kumanga mtsogoleri wa dziko chifukwa cha zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo . Maola makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu awiri asanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo lopanda nkhondo kapena kupondereza mwamphamvu, chivomerezo cha Congress chiyenera kupezedwa. Purezidenti ndi wamkulu wamkulu wa Asilikali, Navy, ndi Air Force sayenera kutenga nawo mbali, ndipo sadzakhala ndi ufulu wovota pazisankho zazikulu.

^[67] Mpaka pano, palibe lamulo ladziko lonse limene limatsatira malamulo a mayiko onse, koma molemekeza kwambiri malamulo a mayiko. §25 ya German Basic Law imati malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi gawo la malamulo adziko, ndipo malamulo adziko akadali apamwamba kuposa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndikuvulaza anthu kwambiri.

Mutu 7 Muyezo wamtendere wamuyaya pakuzenga milandu

^{Ndime 25 Kusintha kwa milandu yozenga} milandu [ Lamulo la 25 la Mtendere Wosatha]

Kutsata kwakukulu ndi malamulo a dziko . Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi chifuniro cha anthu onse ^[68] , ndipo anthu akhoza kuimba mlandu munthu wina kuti waphwanya malamulo. Procuratorate imaphatikiza mphamvu zoyang'anira kunja ndikudzipatula ku mphamvu zoweruza ndi zoyang'anira mkati. Pofuna kuletsa atsogoleri a boma kutsogolera anthu ku chiwonongeko, woweruzayo ali ndi dipatimenti yotsatila malamulo ndi machitidwe kuti awonetsetse kuti malamulo a mayiko ndi malamulo a mayiko akutsatira malamulo a mayiko.. Attorney General ali ndi mphamvu zopereka lamulo loti amange anthu ophwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Asilikali ndi achitetezo akalumbiritsidwa pamwambo wotsegulira kapena kukwezedwa pantchito, adzasainidwanso ndi wozenga milandu wamkulu. Oweruza a khoti la chitetezo cha dziko adzaphunzitsidwa pa ntchito chaka chilichonse ^[69] .

^[68] "Lamulo ladziko liyenera kukhala chigamulo ndipo chilichonse chokhudza kupanga malamulo chikuyenera kukhala lamulo." (Carl Schmitt, katswiri wa malamulo a ku Germany, Constitutional Theory)

^[69] Attorney General ali ndi mphamvu zomanga atsogoleri apadziko lonse lapansi omwe amaphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi motsatira malamulo. Oweruza a makhothi omwe ali ndi udindo woteteza dziko ayenera kulandira maphunziro aukadaulo chaka chilichonse.

^{Ndime 26 Kutsegula njira zozenga} milandu [26 Lamulo la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Mphamvu za procuratorial zikugwiritsidwa ntchito paokha. Purezidenti wa Procuratorate amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu; amene alandira mavoti ochuluka kwambiri amakhala ngati Attorney General . Munthu amene ali ndi mavoti ochuluka kwambiri ndi wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa boma komanso nduna yowona za malamulo . Munthu amene ali ndi mavoti ochuluka kwambiri ndi wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wachiwiri wa procuratorate komanso nduna yowona za kafukufuku . Otsutsa akuluakulu a m'deralo amasankhidwanso ndi anthu ^[70] . Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti omwe adalandira, woimira boma pamilandu m'modzi ndi wachiwiri kwa oyimira boma pamilandu awiri asankhidwa kuti apange gulu lazantchito kuti akaimbe mlandu.. Otsutsa akuyenera kuyang'anira ndikuletsa kusalungama, ndikupeza ndi kutsatira chilungamo. Onse omwe ali pamlandu ali ndi ufulu wosintha wozenga mlandu kapena woweruza asanatseke kufufuza kapena kutsiriza kuteteza.

^[70] Kwa zaka zoposa 200 chiyambireni kulembedwa kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko la United States, maloya akuluakulu a boma ndi ozenga milandu a m’mayiko oposa 46 asankhidwa ndi anthu, ndipo ali ndi udindowochitira anthu chilungamo.

Mutu 8 Muyezo wamtendere wamuyaya wa chiweruzo cha chiweruzo

Ndime 27 Kusintha kwa Chigamulo cha Malamulo [ ^27th Lamulo la Mtendere Wosatha]

Kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa chilungamo cha dziko . Malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi amaperekedwa patsogolo pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zalamulo. Tsatirani zigamulo za Khothi Ladziko Lonse Lachilungamo. Mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ziyenera kuyenderana ^[71] . Pamene chilungamo cha chilengedwe chonse chikuitanidwa ndi wina, kuyankha ^[72] kuyenera kuthandiza wina. Chifukwa chake, Purezidenti wa Dipatimenti Yoweruza amasankhidwa ndi anthu ^[73]. Oweruza a makhothi a Constitutional Court amaimira chilungamo cha anthu ndipo amatanthauzira malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino pofuna chilungamo cha anthu, ndipo chigamulo chawo ndi yankho lovomerezeka kwambiri, ndipo zisankho za oweruza a Khoti Lamilandu zimatengedwa ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za anthu. Theka la oweruza a Khothi Loona za Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amachokera ku mayiko osiyanasiyana m'makontinenti asanu ndipo amasangalala ndi moyo wawo wonse komanso kulandira chithandizo chonse cha dziko.

^[71] Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zomwe zimatchedwa "lamulo" siziyenera kungokhala kudziko, koma ziyenera kutanthauziridwa kuti ndilo lingaliro lapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku gulu laling'ono kupita ku gulu lalikulu, ndiyeno ku dziko komanso ngakhale ku dziko lapansi, ndizochokera ku lingaliro la anthu okhala pamodzi. (Tanaka Kotaro, pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Japan, Theory of World Law)

^[72] “Tchimo lalikulu la dziko ndi ulesi.” (Nicolo Machiavelli, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Italy, The Prince) Chilungamo chimatanthauza kuti anthu akakhala ndi zosowa, boma limayankha pempho lililonse. Chilungamo ndi tanthauzo lenileni la kukhalapo kwa dziko.

^[73] "Kudziyimira pawokha kwathunthu kwa makhothi achilungamo ndikofunikira kwambiri mu Constitution yochepa." (Alexander Hamilton, tate woyambitsa wa US) Kwa zaka zoposa 200 kuchokera pamene malamulo a dziko la United States anakonza, oweruza m’maboma oposa 42 asankhidwa ndi anthu, ndipo ali ndi udindo wachindunji kwa anthu kaamba kachilungamo chenicheni.

Ndime 28 Kutsegula  kuwunika kwamilandu [ 28th ^Lamulo la Mtendere Wamuyaya]

Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi lamulo lalikulu la dziko komanso mphamvu za anthu. Mphamvu za boma zogwiritsa ntchito malamulo nthawi zonse zidzaperekedwa kwa anthu okhala m'derali. Mfundo za malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse (Constitutional Standard §13 ndi §14 ndi 99% yathunthu) Dziko lapansi lili ndi mphamvu zowunikira malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo ndipo liyenera kuika patsogolo kuunikanso kuphwanya malamulo a mayiko. Pambuyo pochotsa kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kapena malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi, nzika za dziko lapansi zili ndi ufulu woyambitsa zionetsero zamtendere monga mayendedwe osagwira ntchito ^[74] ndi kukana kopanda chiwawa ^[75]  ngati palibe njira ina yothetsera mavuto.

^[74] "Kusamvera anthu" kaŵirikaŵiri kumaonedwa kuti ndi mchitidwe wapoyera, wopanda chiwawa wosamvera malamulo poyera, wopanda chiwawa ndi cholinga chosonkhezera kusintha kwa malamulo, ndondomeko kapena kuipa kwa anthu, mosonkhezeredwa ndi chikumbumtima cha makhalidwe abwino.

^[75] "Lamulo lopanda zilango si lamulo, ndipo lamulo lopanda ufulu wotsutsa silamulo." Kuphwanya malamulo kumayang'aniridwa ndi dziko lonse lapansi kapena kukanidwa. "Mtundu womwe umakhala ndi lingaliro labwino chotere, ndikukhala nalo, udzakhalabe padziko lapansi kwamuyaya." (Abraham Lincoln, Purezidenti wa US)

* Mawu omwe ali pamwambawa sangasinthidwe. Ngati mukufuna kusintha, chonde lembani mawu owonjezera awa ndi zotsatira zake.

Gawo IV Zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi mphamvu zake

Mayiko osiyanasiyana akhoza kukhala omasuka kuwonjezera ndi kupereka zitsanzo paokha

Tengani US mwachitsanzo

1. Ndibwino kuti dziko la US litsogolere demokalase ndi Congress zisinthidwe kukhala zipani zitatu: dziko limodzi mu Senate ndi voti imodzi, ndipo atatu apamwamba amasankhidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti (mosasamala kanthu za chipani cha ndale. ), okhala ndi mamembala atatu m'boma lililonse, ndipo mipando ya Senate imakhala 150; Nyumba ya Malamulo imagawa zigawo za chisankho ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ndipo wosankhidwa kuchokera m'chigawo chilichonse ali ndi voti imodzi kuti asankhe wosankhidwa kwambiri, ndipo atatu apamwamba amasankhidwa malinga ndi chiwerengero cha mavoti ochuluka, ndipo mipando yonse ya Nyumba ya Malamulo idakalipo. 435. Mkangano uliwonse ukhoza kuyanjanitsidwa ndikuweruzidwa ndi mphamvu yachitatu.

2. Ndibwino kuti dziko la US litsogolere pa demokalase komanso kuti nthawi yokhala paudindo wa Purezidenti ndi atsogoleri ena osankhidwa awonjezeke, koma matenda osatha omwe amakhala paudindo motsatizana aletsedwe. M'dziko lamakono, zinthu zikusintha mofulumira kwambiri moti nthawi ya zaka zisanu ndi yokwanira, ndipo palibe ofesi ya boma yomwe ingakhoze kuchitidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu (mwachitsanzo, Purezidenti wotuluka saloledwa kukhala PM), ndi zofunika kwambiri. malipiro adzakhala osasintha panthawiyi. (Constitutional Standard § 8).

Gawo V Kusintha ndi  magawo owonjezera ( osiyidwa  )

Gawo VI Zowonjezera: kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi nzeru za zaka chikwi za mayiko onse, malamulo onse, ndi zipembedzo zonse.

1. Miyezo 28 ya Constitutional Standards ngati chida cha "28 Founding Principles of the US" kuti ipitirire kukula ndi kuwala.

2. Constitutional Standard ngati chida cha UN komanso ma NGOs opitilira 20,000 kuti apitilize kukula ndikuwala.

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Charter ya UN

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Constitution ya UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(3) Yerekezerani ndi Constitutional Standard  ndi  Chigamulo cha UN "Kuyika Mtendere Wosatha"

(4) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yomwe ili yovomerezeka pamtendere ndi UN.

(5) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi zilengezo zina zamtendere za UN

3. Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi "Constitutional Power" m'malamulo amayiko osiyanasiyana

4. Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi "ufulu wovota" m'malamulo amayiko osiyanasiyana

(1) Dziko la Switzerland lakhala ndi ndalama zochuluka kwambiri pa munthu aliyense padziko lonse m’zaka 100 zapitazi pakati pa mayiko apakati ndi aakulu (anthu opitirira mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu), nzika iliyonse inavota “kasanu ndi kamodzi” m’malo oponya voti chaka chilichonse.

ndi. Nzika za Zurich zidatenga nawo gawo pazisankho (zisankho za federal/boma/manisipala/ zigawo/madera), ndi mitundu yopitilira 17 ya mavoti, ndipo zidachita 92 (2003-2019), pafupifupi zisankho 5.41 zidavoteredwa pachaka.

ii. Nzika za Zurich zidatenga nawo gawo pama referendum (referendumu yadziko lonse/boma/matauni/chigawo/chigawo), pafupifupi ma referendum a 3.82 amachitika chaka chilichonse.

iii. Swiss electronic voting system

(2) Maboma ang’onoang’ono m’mayiko akuluakulu monga California (USA) ali ndi ndalama zambiri pa munthu aliyense (anthu 40 miliyoni), ndipo nzika iliyonse imavota “ka 11” pamalo oponya voti chaka chilichonse.

ndi. State level - California state elections

ii. Municipal - zisankho za nzika za mzinda wa Los Angeles

iii. Mayiko aku US akhazikitsa njira yolembetsera pa intaneti yolembera anthu ovota

5. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi "kuloledwa" kwa malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito kwaulere kwa media kuti atenge nawo mbali pazandale" m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi miyambo ya "kuteteza demokalase yaufulu ndi kuvota mokakamizidwa" kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana.

6. Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi “ufulu wa anthu” wa malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi "nkhani za ufulu wa anthu ndizochitika zamkati mwa dziko lapansi" za mayiko osiyanasiyana.

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi "malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi apamwamba kuposa malamulo adziko" a malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

(3) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi miyambo ya "wotsimikizira malamulo" a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

7. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi miyambo ya "kulemekeza malamulo akunja" a malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

►Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi malamulo a maiko osiyanasiyana “kuwonetsetsa kuti ulemu ndi kufunikira kwa anthu sikutsalira maiko ena tsiku limodzi”

8. Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi malamulo a "maweruzo" a mayiko osiyanasiyana

►Kuyerekeza mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi gwero la "chilungamo chachikulu" chomwe chimayankha zofunikira za chilungamo chapadziko lonse m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

9. Kuyerekeza mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi "kuphwanya malamulo ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokana" malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

►Kuyerekeza mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi chizolowezi cha "ufulu wokana / kusagwira ntchito" pakuwongolera malamulo amayiko osiyanasiyana

10.  Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi "kusintha ndi kutsegula" kwa malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana.

►Kuyerekeza mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi mfundo za “kusintha ndale ndi kutsegulira, ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa chisankho cha atsogoleri a mayiko m’magawo onse malinga ndi lamulo” la mayiko osiyanasiyana.

11. Kufananiza mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi mphamvu zamalamulo zopikisana pomanga gulu lazamalamulo padziko lonse lapansi la mayiko osiyanasiyana.

12. Kufananiza mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi kulimbikitsa Chikhristu (otsatira 2.5 biliyoni) ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira.

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Chipangano Chakale cha zaka 3,500 monga chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Chipangano Chatsopano cha Baibulo cha zaka 2,000 monga chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chosalekeza.

(3) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi mfundo zofunika za "Kulengeza Tsiku la Mtendere Padziko Lonse" la Papa pazaka 100 zapitazi.

(4) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi nkhani pafupifupi 4,000 mu Pontifical Gazette ya Papa Francis.

13. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Chisilamu (otsatira 1.9 biliyoni) ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira.

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Korani ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira kuyambira 609 AD.

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Hadith ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira kuyambira 800 AD.

14. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Vedas ya Chihindu (1 biliyoni otsatira) ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira.

15. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Buddhism—Tibetan Buddhism (500 miliyoni otsatira) monga chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira.

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Tripitaka ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Gazette ndi Tibetan Buddhist Venerable Dalai Lama ndi zida zina zowunikira zamtendere padziko lonse lapansi.

16. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Baibulo la Orthodox monga chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira.

(1) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Old Testament of the Orthodox Bible ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi New Testament of the Orthodox Bible monga chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira

17. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi Torah ya Chiyuda ngati chida chowunikira cha chitukuko chopitilira.

18. Kuyerekeza kwa Constitutional Standard ndi malingaliro ofunikira a Nobel Peace Prize

19. Zomwe zili m'malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika ufulu wawo polimbana ndi ufulu ndi demokalase.

20. Ziwerengero za ndondomeko ya demokalase m'zaka za 2008 mpaka 2021 (mayiko 32)

21. Miyezo ya Constitutional Standard ndiyo njira yosinthira ndi kutsegulira ndi chitukuko chamtendere cha ndale zosiyanasiyana.

(1) Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standard ndi zoperekedwa ndi pulezidenti

(2) Kuyerekeza kwa Mulingo wa Constitutional Standards ndi makonzedwe a semi-president system

(3) Kufananiza Mulingo wa Constitutional Standards ndi zoperekedwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo (cabinet).

(4) Kuyerekeza kwa Mulingo wa Constitutional Standards ndi madongosolo a kalozera

Zambiri zaife

The Thangka idasainidwa ndi His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama for the Association.

Zithunzi za zochitika

Zolimbikitsa ndi Mphotho kwa Omwe Anayambitsa Mtendere Wamuyaya System kwa anthu

Adamasulira Constitutional Standard m'zilankhulo zapadziko lonse lapansi

Anamasulira Constitutional Standard mu zilankhulo za bungwe lililonse lodzilamulira la boma, chigawo, chigawo, manispala

*Zopereka ndi zolandiridwa, ndipo mawu ofotokozera adzaperekedwa (Sankhani buku lolimba la Chitchaina ndi Chingelezi. Kapenanso zamakompyuta zazinenero zina.)