1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA — CODIFIED 2019
VALIDITY
1. The Constitutional Standards follow the United Nations global governance system, which in a voluntary manner and at different speeds can be applied at the supranational level (international public legal person), the national level (national public legal person), and the sub-national level (state legal persons or localities), including individual subjects at any level.
2. If any clause is deemed invalid , or a clause applied to any organization or individual or any situation is invalid, other parts of the Constitutional Standards and the application of such clauses to other levels, organizations or individuals, or circumstances will not be affected.
(1) Supranational level: according to the organization's charter, but in accordance with the law that does not violate the constitutional standards of permanent peace and does not endanger any individual or group.
(2) National level: The Constitution Standard is applicated directly, effectively and comprehensively, and can amend itself indefinitely, or a part of it may not be implemented for the time being, but the criterion is not to detract from the perfection of the Constitution Standards.
(3) Except for the Ad Hoc Committees of § 15, National Legislation of § 18, National Administration of § 22 (Central Government/Federal Government), and items subordinate to the Central Committee in the articles, the sub-national level (state, province, city, district, etc.) Autonomous bodies are directly effective and fully applicable.
3. All laws or rules involving the scope of the Constitutional Standards are bound by the Constitutional Standards clauses.
4. The various rights enumerated in the Constitutional Standards shall not be interpreted as denying or canceling other rights held by the people.
5. The Constitutional Standards are one of part of the basic great law for all supranational organizations (United Nations, etc.), national organizations, and subnational organizations (state, region, province, city, etc.). The following basic clauses bind legislation, administration, procuratorial, and trial operations and are directly effective supreme laws.
TWO KINDS OF SUBJECTIVE WILL
1. Humanity will enjoy Permanent Peace . Take natural law and international law as parent law, promote the Constitutional Standards in the ISO to consolidate a world under the rule of law and create the highest life value..
2. Sustainable development of the earth . Take the solar system and the United Nations as the system, promote government standards (ISO), enhance global governance and create the highest values on earth.
TWENTY-EIGHT LAWS OF NATURE
SECTION I. PERMANENT PEACE —RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE
CHAPTER 1. FREEDOM STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT PEACE
ARTICLE 1. FOUNDING A NATION ON FREEDOM
National sovereignty rests with the people. Constitutional power belongs to the people unconditionally . The constitution can freely determine whether a nation is a republic or monarchy, a unitary state, or a federation . The government is formed through votes by the people. The oath of allegiance to the Constitution produces public offices.
ARTICLE 2. REFORMING FREEDOM
Radio waves are owned by the whole people . Political candidates will gain one-hour free access to television broadcast and one item is published for free daily on the internet . The country’s nine major political parties can use the nation’s proprietary radio channels for free . Local governments shall handle the above matters in accordance with regulations.
ARTICLE 3. OPENING UP FREEDOM
Elections (and voting) are the most important element in education, allocation, dialogue , solidarity, consensus forming and elements of governance . Candidates should complete registration six months before elections Registration . Voting frequency and number of times are based on Switzerland or the US state of California, the two areas with the world’s highest per capita income.
ARTICLE 4. SAFEGUARDING FREEDOM
The people are obliged to perform military service, voting service and peacekeeping service. Severe punishment for disturbing the peace or arrest of whoever disturbs the peace and abuses the right of freedom , using violence or lavishing money to achieve their goals or preaching on behalf of dictatorships and spreading false information, attacking freedom and democracy, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort.
CHAPTER II. DEMOCRACY STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT PEACE
ARTICLE 5. FOUNDING A NATION ON DEMOCRACY
Innovate global democracy—advocate Permanent Peace, belief in value sharing and constitutional commonality, and take the lead in global republicanism. Vote frequently to resolve and reconcile contradictions, disagreements and antagonisms that continually arise.
ARTICLE 6. REFORMING DEMOCRACY
All government officials, military personnel and civil servants must pass the constitutional and international law graded examinations, with question banks published a year in advance . Each legislature should ensure that the power of the three parties is balanced and establish a global network to submit questions or proposals to the committee.
ARTICLE 7. OPENING UP DEMOCRACY
Registration is completed six months prior to elections to facilitate dialogue between voters and talented candidates with ability . Political parties with seats in the national legislature of a fully democratic country can set up party headquarters in our country and field candidates in elections for leaders at all levels in accordance with the Constitutional Standards and the law, thereby enhancing international competitiveness.
ARTICLE 8. SAFEGUARDING DEMOCRACY
Strictly control the flow of payment, movement of people, goods, and information from foreign countries. On referendum proposals, if 60% of eligible voters agree, the proposal is adopted . The elected president serves a term of five years, and together with his/her relatives is banned from running again in accordance with the law within six years of leaving the office . Attempts to modify the term of office shall be deemed acts of rebellion.
CHAPTER III. HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT PEACE
ARTICLE 9. FOUNDING A NATION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Creating the highest values in life, advocating the global basic Constitutional Standards, constructing Permanent Peace for humanity, and safeguarding sustainable development of the earth are the most sacred rights of the people and the most urgent obligations of the nation.
ARTICLE 10. REFORMING HUMAN RIGHTS
Innate human rights are superior to sovereignty . Any innocent victim harmed or dying from injury due to human factors and ergonomics should be compensated by the state . All victims have unlimited right to private prosecution . All citizens are good citizens, and criminal records of those who have not committed another crime within ten years should be completely expunged.
ARTICLE 11. OPENING UP HUMAN RIGHTS
A community with a shared future for humanity and human rights issues is a global internal affair , and any human rights victim is seen as suffering for all humanity. Half of the members of the National Human Rights Action and Citizenship Exercise Committee are appointed by authoritative international human rights organization.
ARTICLE 12. SAFEGUARDING HUMAN RIGHTS
Constitution guarantors guarantee: human rights, environmental rights, peace rights and development rights for all will never lag those of other countries . Power leaders in government are elected in alternating years. Amendments to human rights or peace clauses are not permitted.
CHAPTER IV. RULE OF LAW STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT PEACE
ARTICLE 13. FOUNDING A NATION ON RULE OF LAW
These Constitutional Standards are hereby established, to be promulgated throughout the country for faithful and perpetual observance by all. International law is deemed to be Customary International Law, as that is also the great fundamental law of the world , so international law is also deemed to be the parent law of the national constitution and the jus cogens of peace, directly imposing rights and duties on the people and central and local governments.
ARTICLE 14. REFORMING RULE OF LAW
The eternal weapon for safeguarding peaceful development: implementing the Constitutional Standards is a fundamental law to promote what is beneficial and abolish what is harmful/to eradicate internal disturbances and treason. It gathers all laws of all local governments and nations in the whole world as a part of national laws , and people can choose the ones best suited for them and use them in accordance with the law.
ARTICLE 15. OPENING UP RULE OF LAW
Create a great civilization under rule of law . Candidates for the President and the leaders of prosecution and justice shall nominate members for ad hoc committees to develop legislation, international law, and all laws of all nations. These ad hoc committees’ members are distributed among various standing committees..
ARTICLE 16. SAFEGUARDING RULE OF LAW
All legislative, administrative, procuratorial and adjudication acts shall be subject to International Law first. Anyone who is disloyal to the Constitutional Standards shall forfeit all basic rights. No country may invoke provisions of its National Laws or conditions, history, and cultural conflict to justify violation of International Law.
SECTION II. PERMANENT PEACE - BASIC ORGANIZATION OF THE NATION
CHAPTER V. LEGISLATIVE STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT PEACE
ARTICLE 17. GLOBAL LEGISLATION
Global Concurrent Legislative Powers : In order to create a global legal community , the legislatures have to open up global legislation and national or sub-national levels have the right to enact legislation so long as and to the extent that the supra-national level has not exercised its legislative power by enacting a law.
ARTICLE 18. NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Create a matrix committee-centric quasi-cabinet system with none of the disadvantages of contemporary systems . Hold at-large parliamentary elections in a single-district one-vote system to ensure candidates of three main political parties can be elected and part of representatives get re-elected each year . All bicameral parliaments shall proceed as described above. Parliament elections are handled separately and mandatory voting.
ARTICLE 19. LOCAL LEGISLATION
The Sub-national level (state/province/city) councils set up nine committees and 1/3 of all members face election each year . Local councils elect a Speaker from among their members for a one-session term with no right to run for Speaker again during the appointed dates . The local legislation should strive to enhance the value of globalization and localization.
ARTICLE 20. ADVOCATING LEGISLATION
The legislature shall create a human political community with the Constitutional Standards for international organizations and rule of international law as jus cogens. The legislature shall advise other countries or states, provinces, and cities to establish constitutional standards. Such actions shall be supported by special funds at least five ten thousandths (0.05%) of the total budget.
CHAPTER VI. ADMINISTRATIVE STANDARDS FOR PERMANENT PEACE
ARTICLE 21. GLOBAL ADMINISTRATION
Global Concurrent Administrative Powers: Implement the Constitutional Standards and practice a community with a shared future for mankind; when performing tasks on behalf of supranational organizations (the UN, etc.), national and local governments shall be considered executive agencies empowered by supranational organizations.
ARTICLE 22. NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Adopt a modified semi-presidential system . The President is elected by the people ; the President appoints or nominate the Prime Minister in accordance with the law , the Prime Minister must be born locally. The Prime Minister shall direct the actions of the Government. He/she shall be responsible for national defense. The various Minister of ministries and committees shall release their global performance rankings at the beginning of every year . All military forces shall be nationalized and globalized.
ARTICLE 23. LOCAL ADMINISTRATION
The sub-national level of the Constitutional Standards is comparable to the state, province, and district autonomous entities . Powers that are more beneficial to the locality belong to the local government, including the rights of local legislation, administration, justice, external trade, language, culture, and environmental development in accordance with the constitution.
ARTICLE 24. CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES
The President, representatives of public opinion, military personnel, civil servants, teachers, and clergy shall act as constitutional guarantors . Leaders at all levels shall be responsible for the country’s centennial plans. The President and Armed forces shall be neutral in elections and are banned from voting . The country shall continue pursuing and perfecting all standards .
CHAPTER VII. PERMANENT PEACE JUSTICE PROSECUTION STANDARDS
ARTICLE 25. JUDICIAL REFORM
The Prosecutor-General is directly elected . The District Prosecutor-General are chosen in a single-district one-vote system, according to the number of votes, one district attorney general and two deputy district attorneys are elected, to form a collegial system of prosecution . Both parties may submit videos instead of appearing in court and have the right to replace the presiding judge before conclusion of the investigation/final statements.
ARTICLE 26. JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENT
The constitution represents the general will of the people, and the people can prosecute anyone who violates the constitution . Military or police personnel assuming office take an oath administered by a prosecutor . The nation shall set up a global legal comparison database to enhance audit, prevention, discovery and prosecution, and a trial ruling prediction system.
CHAPTER VIII. PERMANENT PEACE JUDICIAL TRIAL STANDARDS
ARTICLE 27. JUSTICE AND OPENING UP
Ensure justice is responsive . The head of the Judicial Department is elected by the people . The rulings of Constitutional Court Justices are regarded as exercise of the people's constitutional power, and half of all Constitutional Court Justices shall come from different countries on the five continents, with life-long tenure and full national benefits.
ARTICLE 28. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND OPENING UP
Constitutional global agreement , unconstitutional global review, and priority reviews of violations of international law . Except in cases involving unconstitutionality, if no remedy is at hand, everyone in the democratic world has the right not to cooperate, to resist non-violently or to protest.
Republication of the Original and Codified Versions of the Iowa Constitution in the 2019 Iowa Code
Iowa Legislative Services Agency
Publication History of the Iowa Constitution. For most of this state’s history, the 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa has served as the state’s most basic and supreme law. This original Constitution and its now 48 amendments, ratified from 1868 through 2010, have been published for over 150 years in the Iowa Code in a form nearly identical to the handwritten Constitution of 1857 and to the constitutional amendment resolutions passed by the Iowa General Assembly and ratified by the electorate. In 1985, the Iowa Code Editor first published a codified version of the Constitution which incorporated the amendments into the text of the original Constitution. This codified version, currently published biennially in the Iowa Code, eliminates the necessity of reading separately the original provisions of the Constitution and the amendments modifying these original provisions or adding new provisions to the Constitution, and presents only the operative language of the Constitution at the time of publication.
Online Publication of the Scanned, Handwritten, Original 1857 Constitution. In 2014, the State Library of Iowa, in cooperation with the Office of the Secretary of State, scanned and published online the original, handwritten 1857 Constitution of the State of Iowa in an effort to make the original Constitution, without any appended amendments and without any editorial modifications or comments, widely available to the public. The Legislative Services Agency (LSA) compared this scanned, original, handwritten Constitution to the original Constitution as published by the LSA in the Iowa Code and discovered that, in addition to known editorial additions and changes, former Iowa Code editors had made a small number of minor modifications to the text of the Constitution that were not made evident to the reader. As a result of this discovery, the LSA reviewed both the original and codified, published constitutions for errors and omissions.
Minor Publication Differences Discovered in the LSA-Published Version of the Original 1857 Constitution. The review by the LSA found the following minor differences between the two published versions of the original 1857 Constitution:
• Differences in capitalization, punctuation, spelling, hyphenation, and indentation, format, and spacing.
• Lack of a typeface equivalent for the handwritten ess set (double “s”).
Known Editorial Content in the LSA-Published Version of the Original 1857 Constitution Verified. The following editorial content was verified during the review and comparison of the two versions of the original 1857 Constitution:
• The editorial table of contents preceding the Constitution, referencing both original provisions and adopted amendments.
• Editorial catchwords preceding each section of the Constitution.
• Amendments to the Constitution ratified by the electorate, reprinted as presented in the resolutions passed by the Iowa General Assembly, numbered editorially for reference purposes, and preceded by editorially added or, in some cases, modified catchwords.
• Identification of provisions of the Constitution as repealed through the use of brackets, or as superseded through the use of italicized text.
Republication of the Original and Codified Constitutions Included in the 2019 Iowa Code. The comparison of the scanned, handwritten 1857 Constitution to the LSA-published version of the original 1857 Constitution, the review of the codified Constitution, and the review of resolutions containing the amendments to the Constitution allowed the LSA to return its publication of the text of the original 1857 Constitution and its amendments to a literal print version of the original, handwritten Constitution and of the constitutional amendment resolutions as passed by the Iowa General Assemblies. Except where the handwritten text was unclear, editorial modifications, relating to capitalization, punctuation, spelling, hyphenation, and format and spacing, were reserved for the codified version of the Constitution. If the original text was unclear, a notation was made referring the reader to the original, handwritten document.
Editorial Modifications to the Original 1857 Constitution in the 2019 Iowa Code. In republishing the original Constitution and its amendments in the 2019 Iowa Code, the LSA has made the following editorial modifications:
• The table of contents has been modified to include only the article and section numbers and catchwords of the original provisions of the Constitution and references to amendments to these original provisions have been standardized.
• The superseded provisions of the original Constitution are no longer presented in an italicized font but footnotes have been included referencing the superseding provisions.
• The capitalization, punctuation, spelling, hyphenation, and an inadvertently repeated or wrong word used in the original Constitution and its amendments have been restored and footnoted as appropriate.
• Footnotes relating to amendments to the original Constitution have been standardized in content and format.
• Footnotes to the constitutional amendments, citing to the amendment resolutions as passed by the Iowa General Assemblies, have been added.
• Footnotes relating to certain boundary compromise agreements have been deleted.
• A double “s” was substituted for the handwritten ess set.
Editorial Modifications to the Codified Version of the Constitution Included in the 2019 Iowa Code. In republishing the codified version of the Constitution in the 2019 Iowa Code, the LSA has made the following editorial modifications:
• The section numbers of the provisions of the Constitution have been moved in front of the section catchword to increase the visibility of the numbers and to conform the order of those elements to the order used in the Iowa Code.
• References to the number of the amendment repealing provisions of the original Constitution have been included immediately following the number and catchword of the section repealed.
• Two sections in Article III of the Constitution, both numbered section 1, have been differentiated by labeling the two subarticles of that article as 1st and 2nd subarticles, matching the numbering and styling of the subarticles in Article IX.
• Superseded or obsolete provisions have been presented in italicized text with a footnote referring to the superseding provision or reason for obsolescence.
• The capitalization rules used in the Iowa Code have been adopted for use in the codified Constitution.
• Certain archaic spellings and punctuation marks have been updated and footnoted.
• Footnotes to amendments to the Constitution have been standardized in format.
• Footnotes relating to the effective dates of certain amendments have been added.
• Footnotes to all Iowa Code provisions referring to specific provisions of the Constitution have been added and standardized in format.
• Footnotes to relatively minor Iowa Code and Iowa Court Rules provisions have been deleted.
Inquiries and Comments. The republication of both the original and codified versions of the Iowa Constitution is intended to promote transparency in the presentation of Iowa’s most basic and supreme law. Inquiries and comments regarding the preparation and republication of these original and codified versions of the Constitution are welcome and should be made to the Iowa Code Editor in Room G01 of the State Capitol in Des Moines, Iowa.
Leslie E.W. Hickey Richard L. Johnson
Iowa Code Editor Legal Services Division Director
Iowa Legislative Services Agency Iowa Legislative Services Agency
1857 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA — CODIFIED
PREFACE.
Codified Version. This version of the Iowa Constitution incorporates into the original document all amendments adopted and ratified and omits provisions that have been repealed or have failed to be adopted and ratified, that clearly appear to have been superseded, or that were time-limited and are now obsolete. Italics have been applied to language that may have been superseded or may be obsolete. Certain archaic spellings and punctuation have been updated and the general capitalization rules currently used for the Iowa Code have been applied to the resulting text.
Latest Amendment Footnoted. A footnote following an amended section that describes amendments made to language contained in the codified version of the section describes the latest action only.
See Original Constitution. Refer to the original Constitution for the original text of theIowaConstitutionandforthetextoftheamendmentstotheoriginalConstitution.
Internet Access. To access electronic copies of the codified Iowa Constitution and information relating to the republication of the codified version of the Iowa Constitution in the 2019 Iowa Code, see www.legis.iowa.gov/law/statutory/constitution.
Preamble. WE THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF IOWA, grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuation of those blessings, do ordain and establish a free and independent government, by the name of the State of Iowa, the boundaries whereof shall be as follows:
Boundaries. Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River, at a point due east of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the Des Moines River, thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines River, to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the state of Missouri — as established by the Constitution of that state — adopted June 12th, 1820 — crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines River; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary line of the state of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Missouri River to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the Big Sioux River, according to Nicollett’s Map;* thence up the main channel of the said Big Sioux River, according to the said map, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east along said parallel of forty three degrees and thirty minutes until said parallel intersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi River to the place of beginning.
*In the original text, a colon was used, see original Constitution preamble
See boundary compromise agreements at the end of the last volume of the Code
ARTICLE I.
BILL OF RIGHTS.
Section 1. Rights of persons. All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, andhavecertaininalienablerights—amongwhicharethoseofenjoyinganddefending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.
Amended by Amendment 45(1998)
Sec. 2. Political power. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they have the right, at all times, to alter or reform the same, whenever the public good may require it.
Sec. 3. Religion. The general assembly shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any person be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes, or other rates for building or repairing places of worship, or the maintenance of any minister, or ministry.
Sec. 4. Religious test — witnesses. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office, or public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of religion; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use as a witness, or take the testimony of, any other person not disqualified on account of interest, who may be cognizant of any fact material to the case; and parties to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law.
Referred to in Iowa Code §729.1
Sec. 5.Dueling. Repealed by Amendment 43 (1992).
Sec. 6. Laws uniform. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the general assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens.
Sec. 7. Liberty of speech and press. Every person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to the jury, and if it appears* to the jury that the matter charged as libellous was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the party shall be acquitted.
*In the original text, the word is “appear”, see original Constitution, Art. I, §7
Sec. 8. Personal security — searches and seizures. SEC. 8. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and things to be seized.
Referred to in Iowa Code §190C.22, 717.2A, 717B.5
Sec. 9. Right of trial by jury — due process of law. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but the general assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.
Sec. 10. Rights of persons accused. In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the life, or liberty of an individual the accused shall have a right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury; to be informed of the accusation against him, to have a copy of the same when demanded; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for his witnesses; and, to have the assistance of counsel.
Sec. 11. When indictment necessary — grand jury. All offenses less than felony and in which the maximum permissible imprisonment does not exceed thirty days shall be tried summarily before an officer authorized by law, on information under oath, without indictment, or the intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defendant the right of appeal; and no person shall be held to answer for any higher criminal offense, unless on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising in the army, or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger.
The grand jury may consist of any number of members not less than five, nor more than fifteen, as the general assembly may by law provide, or the general assembly may provide for holding persons to answer for any criminal offense without the intervention of a grand jury.
Paragraph 1 amended by Amendment 46 (1998)
Paragraph 2 added by Amendment (1884)
Sec. 12. Twice tried — bail. No person shall after acquittal, be tried for the same offence. All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable, by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences where the proof is evident, or the presumption great.
Sec. 13. Habeas corpus. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, or refused when application is made as required by law, unless in case of rebellion, or invasion the public safety may require it.
Sec. 14. Military. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing army shall be kept up by the state in time of peace; and in time of war, no appropriation for a standing army shall be for a longer time than two years.
Sec. 15. Quartering soldiers. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 16. Treason. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.
Sec. 17. Bail — punishments. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed, and cruel and unusual punishment shall not be inflicted.
Sec. 18. Eminent domain — drainage ditches and levees. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation first being made, or secured to be made to the owner thereof, as soon as the damages shall be assessed by a jury, who shall not take into consideration any advantages that may result to said owner on account of the improvement for which it is taken.
The general assembly, however, may pass laws permitting the owners of lands to construct drains, ditches, and levees for agricultural, sanitary or mining purposes across the lands of others, and provide for the organization of drainage districts, vest the proper authorities with power to construct and maintain levees, drains and ditches and to keep in repair all drains, ditches, and levees heretofore constructed under the laws of the state, by special assessments upon the property benefited thereby. The general assembly may provide by law for the condemnation of such real estate as shall be necessary for the construction and maintenance of such drains, ditches and levees, and prescribe the method of making such condemnation.
Paragraph 2 added by Amendment 13(1908)
Sec. 19. Imprisonment for debt. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on mesne or final process, unless in case of fraud; and no person shall be imprisoned for a militia fine in time of peace.
Sec. 20. Right of assemblage — petition. The people have the right freely to assemble together to counsel for the common good; to make known their opinions to their representatives and to petition for a redress of grievances.
Sec. 21. Attainder — ex post facto law — obligation of contract. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed.
Referred to in Iowa Code §12A.10, 12E.11, 15.105, 16.2
Sec. 22. Resident aliens. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter become residents of this state, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment and descent of property, as native born citizens.
Sec. 23. Slavery — penal servitude. There shall be no slavery in this state; nor shall there be involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime.
Sec. 24. Agricultural leases. No lease or grant of agricultural lands, reserving any rent, or service of any kind, shall be valid for a longer period than twenty years.
Referred to in Iowa Code §461A.25
Sec. 25. Rights reserved. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others, retained by the people.
ARTICLE II.
RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE.
Section 1. Electors. Every citizen of the United States of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of this state for such period of time as shall be provided by law and of the county in which he claims his vote for such period of time as shall be provided by law, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or hereafter may be authorized by law. The general assembly may provide by law for different periods of residence in order to vote for various officers or in order to vote in various elections. The required periods of residence shall not exceed six months in this state and sixty days in the county.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 30(1970) See United States Constitution, Amendments 19 and 26
Sec. 2. Privileged from arrest. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at such election, going to and returning therefrom.
Sec. 3. From military duty. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election, except in time of war, or public danger.
Sec. 4. Persons in military service. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the United States shall be considered a resident of this state by being stationed in any garrison, barrack, or military or naval place, or station within this state.
Sec. 5. Disqualified persons. A person adjudged mentally incompetent to vote or a person convicted of any infamous crime shall not be entitled to the privilege of an elector.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 47(2008)
Sec. 6. Ballot. All elections by the people shall be by ballot.
Sec. 7. General election. The general election for state, district, county and township officers in the year 1916 shall be held in the same month and on the same day as that fixed by the laws of the United States for the election of presidential electors, or of president and vice-president of the United States; and thereafter such election shall be held at such time as the general assembly may by law provide.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 14(1916)
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §39.1
ARTICLE III.
OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS.
1ST. THREE SEPARATE DEPARTMENTS.
Section 1. Departments of government. The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into three separate departments — the legislative, the executive, and the judicial: and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of the others, except in cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.
2ND. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. General assembly. The legislative authority of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives;and the style of every law shall be, “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa.”
Sec. 2. Annual sessions of general assembly — special sessions. SEC. 2. The general assembly shall meet in session on the second Monday of January of each year. Upon written request to the presiding officer of each house of the general assembly by two-thirds of the members of each house, the general assembly shall convene in special session. The governor of the state may convene the general assembly by proclamation in the interim.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 36(1974)
Special sessions, see also this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IV, §11
Referred to in Iowa Code §2B.13
Sec. 3. Representatives. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, [* * *]* and their term of office shall commence on the first day of January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified.
*Language, relating to the time of holding the general elections, appears to have been superseded or made obsoleteas a result of changes made to Art. II, §7, and has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. III, §3, for omitted language
For provisions relative to the time of holding the general election, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. II, §7; see also Iowa Code §39.1
Sec. 4. Qualifications. No person shall be a member of the house of representatives who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years, be a citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this state one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county, or district he may have been chosen to represent.
Amended by Amendment (1880) and Amendment 15(1926)
Sec. 5. Senators — qualifications. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same time and place as representatives; they shall be twenty-five years of age, and possess the qualifications of representatives as to residence and citizenship.
Sec. 6. Senators — number and classification. The number of senators shall total not more than one-half the membership of the house of representatives. Senators shall be classified so that as nearly as possible one-half of the members of the senate shall be elected every two years.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 26(1968)
See also this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. III, §34
Referred to in Iowa Code §42.4
Sec. 7. Officers — elections determined. Each house shall choose its own officers, and judge of the qualification, election, and return of its own members. A contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law.
Sec. 8. Quorum. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.
Sec. 9. Authority of the houses. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and, with the consent of two thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the general assembly of a free and independent state.
Sec. 10. Protest — record of vote. Every member of the general assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from, or protest against any Act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public, or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals.
Sec. 11. Privileged from arrest. Senators and representatives, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to and returning from the same.
Sec. 12. Vacancies. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor or the person exercising the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
Sec. 13. Doors open. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasions, as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy.
Sec. 14. Adjournments. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting.
Referred to in Iowa Code §2.1
Sec. 15. Bills. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other; and every bill having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speaker and president of their respective houses.
Sec. 16. Executive approval — veto — item veto by governor. Every bill which shall have passed the general assembly, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the
house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two thirds of the members of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the governor’s* objections. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him, Sunday excepted, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly, by adjournment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the general assembly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the secretary of state, within thirty days after the adjournment, with his approval, if approved by him, and with his objections, if he disapproves thereof.
The governor may approve appropriation bills in whole or in part, and may disapprove any item of an appropriation bill; and the part approved shall become a law. Any item of an appropriation bill disapproved by the governor shall be returned, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, or shall be deposited by him in the office of the secretary of state in the case of an appropriation bill submitted to the governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the general assembly, and the procedure in each case shall be the same as provided for other bills. Any such item of an appropriation bill may be enacted into law notwithstanding the governor’s objections, in the same manner as provided for other bills.
*In the original text, the word was “Governors”, see original Constitution, Art. III, §16
Paragraph 2 added by Amendment 27(1968)
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §3.4, 3.5 Referred to in Iowa Code §3.7
Sec. 17. Passage of bills. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the general assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading, and the yeas and nays entered on the journal.
Referred to in Iowa Code §3.7
Sec. 18. Receipts and expenditures. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and published with the laws, at every regular session of the general assembly.
Referred to in Iowa Code §2B.10
Sec. 19. Impeachment. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the senate. When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Referred to in this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. V, §19
Sec. 20. Officers subject to impeachment — judgment. The governor, judges of the supreme and district courts, and other state officers, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor or malfeasance in office;* but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit, under this state; but the party convicted or acquitted shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment, according to law. All other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such manner as the general assembly may provide.
*In the original text, a colon was used, see original Constitution, Art. III, §20 Referred to in this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. V, §19
Sec. 21. Members not appointed to office. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people.
Sec. 22. Disqualification. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the general assembly;* but offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace,** or postmaster whose compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary public, shall not be deemed lucrative.
*In the original text, a colon was used, see original Constitution, Art. III, §22 **The office of justice of peace was abolished by 1972 Acts, ch 1124
Sec. 23. Failure to account. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public monies, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be liable.
Sec. 24. Appropriations. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law.
Sec. 25. Compensation and expenses of general assembly. Each member of the general assembly shall receive such compensation and allowances for expenses as shall be fixed by law but no general assembly shall have the power to increase compensation and allowances effective prior to the convening of the next general assembly following the session in which any increase is adopted.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 28(1968)
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §2.10 – 2.14
Sec. 26. Time laws to take effect. An Act of the general assembly passed at a regular session of a general assembly shall take effect on July 1 following its passage unless a different effective date is stated in an Act of the general assembly. An Act passed at a special session of a general assembly shall take effect ninety days after adjournment of the special session unless a different effective date is stated in an Act of the general assembly. The general assembly may establish by law a procedure for giving notice of the contents of Acts of immediate importance which become law.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 40 (1986)
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §3.7 et seq.
but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an Act which shall not be expressed in the title, such Act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.
Sec. 30. Local or special laws — general and uniform — boundaries of counties.
The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases:
For the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county, or road purposes;
For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; For changing the names of persons;
For the incorporation of cities and towns;
For vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; For locating or changing county seats.
In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the state; and no law changing the boundary lines of any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be approved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it.
Laws uniform, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. I, §6
Sec. 31. Extra compensation — payment of claims — appropriations for local or private purposes. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into; nor, shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject matter of which shall not have been provided for by preexisting laws, and no public money or property shall be appropriated for local, or private purposes, unless such appropriation, compensation, or claim, be allowed by two thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly.
Sec. 32. Oath of members. Members of the general assembly shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: “I do solemnly swear, or affirm, (as the case may be,) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of senator, (or representative, as the case may be,) according to the best of my ability”. And members of the general assembly are hereby empowered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation.
Sec. 33. Census. Repealed by Amendment 17 (1936).
Sec. 34. Senate and house of representatives — limitation. The senate shall be composed of not more than fifty and the house of representatives of not more than one hundred members. Senators and representatives shall be elected from districts established by law. Each district so established shall be of compact and contiguous territory. The state shall be apportioned into senatorial and representative districts on the basis of population. The general assembly may provide by law for factors in addition to population, not in conflict with the Constitution of the United States, which may be considered in the apportioning of senatorial districts. No law so adopted shall permit the establishment of senatorial districts whereby a majority of the members of the senate shall represent less than forty percent of the population of the state as shown by the most recent United States decennial census.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 26(1968) See also this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. III, §6, 39
Sec. 35. Senators and representatives — number and districts. The general assembly shall in 1971 and in each year immediately following the United States decennial census determine the number of senators and representatives to be elected to the general assembly and establish senatorial and representative districts. The general assembly shall complete the apportionment prior to September 1 of the year so required. If the apportionment fails to become law prior to September 15 of such year, the supreme court shall cause the state to be apportioned into senatorial and representative districts to comply with the requirements of the Constitution prior to December 31 of such year. The reapportioning authority shall, where necessary in establishing senatorial districts, shorten the term of any senator prior to completion of the term. Any senator whose term is so terminated shall not be compensated for the uncompleted part of the term.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 26(1968)
Referred to in Iowa Code §49.3
Sec. 36. Review by supreme court. Upon verified application by any qualified elector, the supreme court shall review an apportionment plan adopted by the general assembly which has been enacted into law. Should the supreme court determine such plan does not comply with the requirements of the Constitution, the court shall within ninety days adopt or cause to be adopted an apportionment plan which shall so comply. The supreme court shall have original jurisdiction of all litigation questioning the apportionment of the general assembly or any apportionment plan adopted by the general assembly.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 26(1968)
Sec. 37. Congressional districts. When a congressional district is composed of two or more counties it shall not be entirely separated by a county belonging to another district and no county shall be divided in forming a congressional district.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 26(1968) Referred to in Iowa Code §42.4
Sec. 38. Elections by general assembly. In all elections by the general assembly, the members thereof shall vote viva voce and the votes shall be entered on the journal.
Sec. 38A. Municipal home rule. Municipal corporations are granted home rule power and authority, not inconsistent with the laws of the general assembly, to determine their local affairs and government, except that they shall not have power to levy any tax unless expressly authorized by the general assembly.
The rule or proposition of law that a municipal corporation possesses and can exercise only those powers granted in express words is not a part of the law of this state.
Added by Amendment 25(1968)
Sec. 39. Legislative districts. In establishing senatorial and representative districts, the state shall be divided into as many senatorial districts as there are members of the senate and into as many representative districts as there are members of the house of representatives. One senator shall be elected from each senatorial district and one representative shall be elected from each representative district.
Added by Amendment 29(1970)
See also this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. III, §34
Sec. 39A. Counties home rule. Counties or joint county-municipal corporation governments are granted home rule power and authority, not inconsistent with the laws of the general assembly, to determine their local affairs and government, except that they shall not have power to levy any tax unless expressly authorized by the general assembly. The general assembly may provide for the creation and dissolution of joint county-municipal corporation governments. The general assembly may provide for the establishment of charters in county or joint county-municipal corporation governments.
If the power or authority of a county conflicts with the power and authority of a municipal corporation, the power and authority exercised by a municipal corporation shall prevail within its jurisdiction.
The proposition or rule of law that a county or joint county-municipal corporation government possesses and can exercise only those powers granted in express words is not a part of the law of this state.
Added by Amendment 37(1978)
Sec. 40. Nullification of administrative rules. The general assembly may nullify an adopted administrative rule of a state agency by the passage of a resolution by a majority of all of the members of each house of the general assembly.
Added by Amendment 38(1984)
Referred to in Iowa Code §2B.5A, 3.6
ARTICLE IV.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. Governor. The supreme executive power of this state shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the governor of the state of Iowa.
Sec. 2. Election and term. The governor and the lieutenant governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting for members of the general
assembly. Each of them shall hold office for four years from the time of installation in office and until a successor is elected and qualifies.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 41(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the 1990 general election
Sec. 3. Governor and lieutenant governor elected jointly — returns of elections. The electors shall designate their selections for governor and lieutenant governor as if these two offices were one and the same. The names of nominees for the governor and the lieutenant governor shall be grouped together in a set on the ballot according to which nominee for governor is seeking office with which nominee for lieutenant governor, as prescribed by law. An elector shall cast only one vote for both a nominee for governor and a nominee for lieutenant governor. The returns of every election for governor and lieutenant governor shall be sealed and transmitted to the seat of government of the state, and directed to the speaker of the house of representatives who shall open and publish them in the presence of both houses of the general assembly.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 41(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the 1990 general election
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §2.25 – 2.27, 50.31, and 50.35
Sec. 4. Election by general assembly in case of tie — succession by lieutenant governor. The nominees for governor and lieutenant governor jointly having the highest number of votes cast for them shall be declared duly elected. If two or more sets of nominees for governor and lieutenant governor have an equal and the highest number of votes for the offices jointly, the general assembly shall by joint vote proceed, as soon as is possible, to elect one set of nominees for governor and lieutenant governor. If, upon the completion by the general assembly of the canvass of votes for governor and lieutenant governor, it appears that the nominee for governor in the set of nominees for governor and lieutenant governor receiving the highest number of votes has since died or resigned, is unable to qualify, fails to qualify, or is for any other reason unable to assume the duties of the office of governor for the ensuing term, the powers and duties shall devolve to the nominee for lieutenant governor of the same set of nominees for governor and lieutenant governor, who shall assume the powers and duties of governor upon inauguration and until the disability is removed. If both nominees for governor and lieutenant governor are unable to assume the duties of the office of governor, the person next in succession shall act as governor.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 41(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the 1990 general election
Sec. 5. Contested elections. Contested elections for the offices of governor and lieutenant governor shall be determined by the general assembly as prescribed by law.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 41(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the 1990 general election Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapter 58
Sec. 6. Eligibility. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor, or lieutenant governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the state, two years next preceding the election, and attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election.
Sec. 7. Commander in chief. The governor shall be commander in chief of the militia, the army, and navy of this state.
Sec. 8. Duties of governor. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.
Duty as to state accounts, see Iowa Code §70A.8
Sec. 9. Execution of laws. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed.
Sec. 10. Vacancies. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the general assembly, or at the next election by the people.
Sec. 11. Convening general assembly. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened.
See also this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. III, §2
Sec.12. Message. Heshallcommunicate, bymessage, tothegeneralassembly, at every regular session, the condition of the state, and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient.
Sec. 13. Adjournment. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such adjournment shall be beyond the time fixed for the regular meeting of the next general assembly.
Sec. 14. Disqualification. No persons shall, while holding any office under the authority of the United States, or this state, execute the office of governor, or lieutenant governor, except as hereinafter expressly provided.
Sec. 15. Terms — compensation. The official terms of the governor and lieutenant governor shall commence on the Tuesday after the second Monday of January next after their election and shall continue until their successors are elected and qualify. The governor and lieutenant governor shall be paid compensation and expenses as provided by law. The lieutenant governor, while acting as governor, shall be paid the compensation and expenses prescribed for the governor.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 42(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the second Monday in January 1991
Sec. 16. Pardons — reprieves — commutations. The governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offences except treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the general assembly at its next meeting, when the general assembly shall either grant a pardon, commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and shall report to the general assembly, at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, and the reasons therefor; and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made, and the several amounts remitted.
Sec. 17. Lieutenant governor to act as governor. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant governor.
Referred to in Iowa Code §7.14
Sec. 18. Duties of lieutenant governor. The lieutenant governor shall have the duties provided by law and those duties of the governor assigned to the lieutenant governor by the governor.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 42(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the second Monday in January 1991
Sec. 19. Succession to office of governor and lieutenant governor. If there be a vacancy in the office of the governor and the lieutenant governor shall by reason of death, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability become incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of governor, the president of the senate shall act as governor until the vacancy is filled or the disability removed; and if the president of the senate, for any of the above causes, shall be incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of governor the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of representatives; and if the speaker of the house of representatives, for any of the above causes, shall be incapable of performing the duties of the office of governor, the justices of the supreme court shall convene the general assembly by proclamation and the general assembly shall organize by the election of a president by the senate and a speaker by the house of representatives. The general assembly shall thereupon immediately proceed to the election of a governor and lieutenant governor in joint convention.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 42(1988)
1988 repeal and rewrite was effective beginning with the second Monday in January 1991 Referred to in Iowa Code §7.14
Sec. 20. Seal of state. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the great seal of the state of Iowa.
For a description of the great seal of Iowa, see Iowa Code chapter 1A
Sec. 21. Grants and commissions. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the state of Iowa, sealed with the great seal of the state, signed by the governor, and countersigned by the secretary of state.
Sec. 22. Secretary — auditor — treasurer. A secretary of state, an auditor of state and a treasurer of state shall be elected by the qualified electors at the same time that the governor is elected and for a four-year term commencing on the first day of January next after their election, and they shall perform such duties as may be provided by law.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 32(1972)
ARTICLE V.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. Courts. The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, and such other courts, inferior to the supreme court, as the general assembly may, from time to time, establish.
Court of appeals, see Iowa Code §602.5101
Sec. 2. Supreme court. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, two of whom shall constitute a quorum to hold court.*
*See this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. V, §10; see also Iowa Code §602.4101
Sec. 3. Election of judges — term. Repealed by Amendment 21 (1962).
Sec. 4. Jurisdiction of supreme court. The supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction only in cases in chancery, and shall constitute a court for the correction of errors at law, under such restrictions as the general assembly may, by law, prescribe; and shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to secure justice to parties, and shall exercise a supervisory and administrative control over all inferior judicial tribunals throughout the state.
Amended by Amendment 21(1962)
See Iowa Code §602.4102, 602.4201, 602.4202, 624.2
Sec. 5. District court and judge. Repealed by Amendment 21 (1962).
Sec. 6. Jurisdiction of district court. The district court shall be a court of law and equity, which shall be distinct and separate jurisdictions, and have jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters arising in their respective districts, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Statutory provision, see Iowa Code §602.6101
Sec. 7. Conservators of the peace. The judges of the supreme and district courts shall be conservators of the peace throughout the state.
Sec. 8. Style of process. The style of all process shall be, “The State of Iowa”, and all prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the same.
Sec. 9. Salaries. Repealed by Amendment 21 (1962).
Sec. 10. Judicial districts. The state shall be divided into eleven judicial districts; and after the year eighteen hundred and sixty, the general assembly may reorganize the judicial districts and increase or diminish the number of districts, or the number of judges of the said court, and may increase the number of judges of the supreme court; but such increase or diminution shall not be more than one district, or one judge of either court, at any one session; and no reorganization of the districts, or diminution of the number of judges, shall have the effect of removing a judge from office. Such reorganization of the districts, or any change in the boundaries thereof, or increase or diminution of the number of judges, shall take place every four years thereafter, if necessary, and at no other time.
At any regular session of the general assembly the state may be divided into the necessary judicial districts for district court purposes, or the said districts may be reorganized and the number of the districts and the judges of said courts increased or diminished; but no reorganization of the districts or diminution of the judges shall have the effect of removing a judge from office.
Paragraph 2 added by Amendment (1884); much of paragraph 1 appears to be superseded by paragraph 2
Sec. 11. Judges — when chosen. Repealed by Amendment 21 (1962).
Sec. 12. Attorney general. The general assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of an attorney general by the people, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his successor is elected and qualifies.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 32(1972)
Sec. 13. District attorney. Repealed by Amendment 31 (1970).
Sec. 14. System of court practice. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide for the carrying into effect of this article, and to provide for a general system of practice in all the courts of this state.
For provisions relative to the grand jury, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. I, §11
Statutory provisions relating to the organization and administration of the judicial branch, see Iowa Code chapter 602
Sec. 15. Vacancies in courts. Vacancies in the supreme court and district court shall be filled by appointment by the governor from lists of nominees submitted by the appropriate judicial nominating commission. Three nominees shall be submitted for each supreme court vacancy, and two nominees shall be submitted for each district court vacancy. If the governor fails for thirty days to make the appointment, it shall be made from such nominees by the chief justice of the supreme court.
Added by Amendment 21(1962)
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §46.14 and 46.15
Sec. 16. State and district nominating commissions. There shall be a state judicial nominating commission. Such commission shall make nominations to fill vacancies in the supreme court. Until July 4, 1973, and thereafter unless otherwise provided by law, the state judicial nominating commission shall be composed and selected as follows: There shall be not less than three nor more than eight appointive members, as provided by law, and an equal number of elective members on such commission, all of whom shall be electors of the state. The appointive members shall be appointed by the governor subject to confirmation by the senate. The elective members shall be elected by the resident members of the bar of the state. The judge of the supreme court who is senior in length of service on said court, other than the chief justice, shall also be a member of such commission and shall be its chairman.
There shall be a district judicial nominating commission in each judicial district of the state. Such commissions shall make nominations to fill vacancies in the district court within their respective districts. Until July 4, 1973, and thereafter unless otherwise provided by law, district judicial nominating commissions shall be composed and selected as follows: There shall be not less than three nor more than six appointive members, as provided by law, and an equal number of elective members on each such commission, all of whom shall be electors of the district. The appointive members shall be appointed by the governor. The elective members shall be elected by the resident members of the bar of the district. The district judge of such district who is senior in length of service shall also be a member of such commission and shall be its chairman.
Due consideration shall be given to area representation in the appointment and election of judicial nominating commission members. Appointive and elective members of judicial nominating commissions shall serve for six-year terms, shall be ineligible for a second six-year term on the same commission, shall hold no office of profit of the United States or of the state during their terms, shall be chosen without reference to political affiliation, and shall have such other qualifications as may be prescribed by law. As near as may be, the terms of one-third of such members shall expire every two years.
Added by Amendment 21(1962)
Sec. 17. Terms — judicial elections. Members of all courts shall have such tenure in office as may be fixed by law, but terms of supreme court judges shall be not less than eight years and terms of district court judges shall be not less than six years. Judges shall serve for one year after appointment and until the first day of January following the next judicial election after the expiration of such year. They shall at such judicial election stand for retention in office on a separate ballot which shall submit the question of whether such judge shall be retained in office for the tenure prescribed for such office and when such tenure is a term of years, on their request, they shall, at the judicial election next before the end of each term, stand again for retention on such ballot. Present supreme court and district court judges, at the expiration of their respective terms, may be retained in office in like manner for the tenure prescribed for such office. The general assembly shall prescribe the time for holding judicial elections.
Added by Amendment 21(1962)
Sec. 18. Salaries — qualifications — retirement. Judges of the supreme court and district court shall receive salaries from the state, shall be members of the bar of the state and shall have such other qualifications as may be prescribed by law. Judges of the supreme court and district court shall be ineligible to any other office of the state while serving on said court and for two years thereafter, except that district judges shall be eligible to the office
of supreme court judge. Other judicial officers shall be selected in such manner and shall have such tenure, compensation and other qualification as may be fixed by law. The general assembly shall prescribe mandatory retirement for judges of the supreme court and district court at a specified age and shall provide for adequate retirement compensation. Retired judges may be subject to special assignment to temporary judicial duties by the supreme court, as provided by law.
Added by Amendment 21(1962)
Sec. 19. Retirement and discipline of judges. In addition to the legislative power of impeachment of judges as set forth in article three (III), sections nineteen (19) and twenty (20) of the Constitution, the supreme court shall have power to retire judges for disability and to discipline or remove them for good cause, upon application by a commission on judicial qualifications. The general assembly shall provide by law for the implementation of this section.
Added by Amendment 33(1972)
ARTICLE VI.
MILITIA.
Section 1. Composition — training. The militia of this state shall be composed of all able-bodied male citizens, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except such as are or may hereafter be exempt by the laws of the United States, or of this state, and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the general assembly may provide by law.
Amended by Amendment (1868)
Sec. 2. Exemption. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to do military duty in time of peace: Provided, that such person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption in the same manner as other citizens.
Sec. 3. Officers. All commissioned officers of the militia, (staff officers excepted,) shall be elected by the persons liable to perform military duty, and shall be commissioned by the governor.
ARTICLE VII.
STATE DEBTS.
Section 1. Credit not to be loaned. The credit of the state shall not, in any manner, be given or loaned to, or in aid of, any individual, association, or corporation; and the state shall never assume, or become responsible for, the debts or liabilities of any individual, association, or corporation, unless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the state.
Sec. 2. Limitation. The state may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; but the aggregate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether contracted by virtue of one or more Acts of the general assembly, or at different periods of time, shall never exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and the money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be applied to the purpose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so contracted, and to no other purpose whatever.
Sec.3. Lossestoschoolfunds. Alllossestothepermanent, school, oruniversity fund of this state, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mismanagement or fraud of the agents or officers controlling and managing the same, shall be audited by the proper authorities of the state. The amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the state, in favor of the respective fund, sustaining the loss, upon which not less than six per cent. annual interest shall be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness authorized by the second section of this article.
Sec. 4. War debts. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the state may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the state in war; but the money arising from the debts so contracted shall be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever.
Sec. 5. Contracting debt — submission to the people. Except the debts herein before specified in this article, no debt shall be hereafter contracted by, or on behalf of this state, unless such debt shall be authorized by some law for some single work or object, to be distinctly specified therein; and such law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt, within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof; but no such law shall take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election; and all money raised by authority of such law, shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or to the payment of the debt created thereby; and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, if one is published therein, throughout the state, for three months preceding the election at which it is submitted to the people.
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §49A.1 – 49A.8
Sec. 6. Legislature may repeal. The legislature may, at any time, after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same; and may, at any time, forbid the contracting of any further debt, or liability, under such law; but the tax imposed by such law, in proportion to the debt or liability, which may have been contracted in pursuance thereof, shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be annually collected, until the principal and interest are fully paid.
Sec. 7. Tax imposed distinctly stated. Every law which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, shall distinctly state the tax, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object.
Sec. 8. Motor vehicle fees and fuel taxes. All motor vehicle registration fees and all licenses and excise taxes on motor vehicle fuel, except cost of administration, shall be used exclusively for the construction, maintenance and supervision of the public highways exclusively within the state or for the payment of bonds issued or to be issued for the construction of such public highways and the payment of interest on such bonds.
Added by Amendment 18(1942)
Sec. 9. Fish and wildlife protection funds. All revenue derived from state license fees for hunting, fishing, and trapping, and all state funds appropriated for, and federal or private funds received by the state for, the regulation or advancement of hunting, fishing, or trapping, or the protection, propagation, restoration, management, or harvest of fish or wildlife, shall be used exclusively for the performance and administration of activities related to those purposes.
Added by Amendment 44(1996)
Sec. 10. Natural resources. A natural resources and outdoor recreation trust fund is created within the treasury for the purposes of protecting and enhancing water quality and natural areas in this state including parks, trails, and fish and wildlife habitat, and conserving agricultural soils in this state. Moneys in the fund shall be exclusively appropriated by law for these purposes.
The general assembly shall provide by law for the implementation of this section, including by providing for the administration of the fund and at least annual audits of the fund.
Except as otherwise provided in this section, the fund shall be annually credited with an amount equal to the amount generated by a sales tax rate of three-eighths of one percent as may be imposed upon the retail sales price of tangible personal property and the furnishing of enumerated services sold in this state.
No revenue shall be credited to the fund until the tax rate for the sales tax imposed upon the retail sales price of tangible personal property and the furnishing of enumerated services sold in this state in effect on the effective date of this section is increased. After such an increased tax rate becomes effective, an amount equal to the amount generated by the increase in the tax rate shall be annually credited to the fund, not to exceed an amount equal to the amount generated by a tax rate of three-eighths of one percent imposed upon the retail sales price of tangible personal property and the furnishing of enumerated services sold in this state.
Added by Amendment 48(2010)
Referred to in Iowa Code §423.2A, 461.3
ARTICLE VIII.
CORPORATIONS.
Referred to in Iowa Code §12C.13
Section 1. How created. No corporation shall be created by special laws; but the general assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization of all corporations hereafter to be created, except as hereinafter provided.
Sec. 2. Taxation of corporations. The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit, shall be subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals.
Sec. 3. State not to be a stockholder. The state shall not become a stockholder in any corporation, nor shall it assume or pay the debt or liability of any corporation, unless incurred in time of war for the benefit of the state.
Referred to in Iowa Code §509A.12
Sec. 4. Municipal corporations. No political or municipal corporation shall become a stockholder in any banking corporation, directly or indirectly.
Sec. 5. Banking associations. No Act of the general assembly, authorizing or creating corporations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments thereto shall take effect, or in any manner be in force, until the same shall have been submitted, separately, to the people, at a general or special election, as provided by law, to be held not less than three months after the passage of the Act, and shall have been approved by a majority of all the electors voting for and against it at such election.
Sec. 6. State bank. Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the general assembly may also provide for the establishment of a state bank with branches.*
*Codified Iowa Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102
Sec. 7. Specie basis. If a state bank be established, it shall be founded on an actual specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible for each other’s liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues intended for circulation as money.*
*Codified Iowa Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102
Sec. 8. General banking law. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by an officer of state, of all bills, or paper credit designedtocirculateasmoney, andrequiresecuritytothefullamountthereof, tobedeposited,
with the state treasurer, in United States stocks, or in interest paying stocks of states in good credit and standing, to be rated at ten per cent. below their average value in the city of New York, for the thirty days next preceding their deposit; and in case of a depreciation of any portion of said stocks, to the amount of ten per cent. on the dollar, the bank or banks owning such stock shall be required to make up said deficiency by depositing additional stocks: and said law shall also provide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such corporations, the amount of stock held by each, the time of any transfer, and to whom.*
*Codified Iowa Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102
Sec. 9. Stockholders’ responsibility. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall be individually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and above the amount of stock by him or her held, to an amount equal to his or her respective shares so held for all of its liabilities, accruing while he or she remains such stockholder.*
*Codified Iowa Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102
Sec. 10. Billholders preferred. In case of the insolvency of any banking institution, the billholders shall have a preference over its other creditors.*
*Codified Iowa Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102
Sec. 11. Specie payments — suspension. The suspension of specie payments by banking institutions shall never be permitted or sanctioned.*
*Codified Iowa Constitution, Art. VIII, §6 – 11 apply to banks of issue only, see 63 Iowa 11, 220 Iowa 794, and 221 Iowa 102
Sec. 12. Amendment or repeal of laws — exclusive privileges. Subject to the provisions of this article, the general assembly shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organization or creation of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive privileges or immunities, by a vote of two thirds of each branch of the general assembly; and no exclusive privileges, except as in this article provided, shall ever be granted.
Analogous provision, see Iowa Code §491.39
ARTICLE IX.
EDUCATION AND SCHOOL LANDS.
1ST. EDUCATION.**
**See this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Section 1. Board of education. The educational interest of the state, including common schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management of a board of education, which shall consist of the lieutenant governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the state.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 2. Eligibility. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall not have attained the age of twenty five years, and shall have been one year a citizen of the state.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 3. Election of members. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified electors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under this Constitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the expiration of two years; and one half of the board shall be chosen every two years thereafter.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 4. First session. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the seat of government, on the first Monday of December, after their election; after which the general assembly may fix the time and place of meeting.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 5. Limitation of sessions. The session of the board shall be limited to twenty days, and but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinary occasions, when, upon the recommendation of two thirds of the board, the governor may order a special session.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 6. Secretary. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be the executive officer of the board, and perform such duties as may be imposed upon him by the board, and the laws of the state. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be published and distributed in the same manner as the journals of the general assembly.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 7. Rules and regulations. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published and distributed, they shall have the force and effect of law.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 8. Power to legislate. The board of education shall have full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted, to receive aid from the school or university fund of this state;* but all acts, rules, and regulations of said board may be altered, amended or repealed by the general assembly; and when so altered, amended, or repealed they shall not be re-enacted by the board of education.**
*In the original text, a colon was used, see original Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education and School boards, §8
**This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 9. Governor ex officio a member. The governor of the state shall be, ex officio, a member of said board.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 10. Expenses. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appropriations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the general assembly.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 11. State university. The state university shall be established at one place without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution and no other.*
*This provision may have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15. See also this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 2nd School Fund and School Lands, §2 and 5, and Art. XI, §8
See also Laws of the Board of Education, Act 10, December 25, 1858, which provides for the management of the state university by a board of trustees appointed by the board of educationand statutory provisions in Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 12. Common schools. The board of education shall provide for the education of all the youths of the state, through a system of common schools and such school shall be organized and kept in each school district at least three months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive years, to organize and keep up a school as aforesaid may be deprived of their portion of the school fund.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code Title VII, subtitles 1 and 6
Sec. 13. Compensation. The members of the board of education shall each receive the same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and returning therefrom, as members of the general assembly.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 14. Quorum — style of acts. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; but no rule, regulation, or law, for the government of common schools or other educational institutions, shall pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the board, which shall be expressed by the yeas and nays on the final passage. The style of all acts of the board shall be, “Be it enacted by the board of education of the state of Iowa”.*
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. IX, 1st Education, §15; the board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1
Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code chapters 256 and 262
Sec. 15. Board may be abolished. The general assembly shall have power to abolish or reorganize said board of education, and provide for the educational interest of the state in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper.*
*The board of education was abolished in 1864 by 1864 Acts, ch 52, §1Statutory provisions, see Iowa Code Title VII
2ND. SCHOOL FUNDS AND SCHOOL LANDS.
Section 1. Control — management. The educational and school funds and lands shall be under the control and management of the general assembly of this state.
Sec. 2. Permanent fund. The university lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all monies belonging to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole use of the state university. The interest arising from the same shall be annually appropriated for the support and benefit of said university.
Sec. 3. Perpetual support fund. The general assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States to this state, for the support of schools, which may have been, or shall hereafter be sold, or disposed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new states, under an Act of Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several states of the union, approved in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-one,* and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent. as has been or may hereafter be granted by Congress, on the sale of lands in this state, shall be, and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the general assembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the state.
*In the original text, “forty-one” did not contain a hyphen Referred to in Iowa Code §16.4A
Sec. 4. Fines — how appropriated. Repealed by Amendment 35 (1974).
Sec. 5. Proceeds of lands. The general assembly shall take measures for the protection, improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may hereafter be reserved, or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, to this state, for the use of the university, and the funds accruing from the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose aforesaid, shall be, and remain, a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. And it shall be the duty of the general assembly as soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said university.
Sec. 6. Agents of school funds. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same, that by law, receive and control the state and county revenue for other civil purposes, under such regulations as may be provided by law.
Sec. 7. Distribution. Repealed by Amendment 39 (1984).
ARTICLE X.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
Section 1. How proposed — submission. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in either house of the general assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the legislature to be chosen at the next general election, and shall be published, as provided by law, for three months previous to the time of making such choice;
and if, in the general assembly so next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to, by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the general assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people, in such manner, and at such time as the general assembly shall provide; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the general assembly, voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Constitution of this state.
For statutory provisions, see Iowa Code §49.43 – 49.50 and 49A.1 – 49A.11
Sec. 2. More than one amendment. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time, they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against each of such amendments separately.
Sec. 3. Constitutional convention. At the general election to be held in the year one thousand nine hundred and seventy, and in each tenth year thereafter, and also at such times as the general assembly may, by law, provide, the question, “Shall there be a convention to revise the Constitution, and propose amendment or amendments to same?” shall be decided by the electors qualified to vote for members of the general assembly; and in case a majority of the electors so qualified, voting at such election, for and against such proposition, shall decide in favor of a convention for such purpose, the general assembly, at its next session, shall provide by law for the election of delegates to such convention, and for submitting the results of said convention to the people, in such manner and at such time as the general assembly shall provide; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the general assembly, voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Constitution of this state. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time, they shall be submitted in such a manner that electors may vote for or against each such amendment separately.
Repealed and rewritten by Amendment 22(1964)
Statutory provision, see Iowa Code §39.4
ARTICLE XI.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Section 1. Justice of peace — jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall extend to all civil cases, (except cases in chancery, and cases where the question of title to real estate may arise,) where the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties may be extended to any amount not exceeding three hundred dollars.*
Nonindictable misdemeanors, jurisdiction, see codified Iowa Constitution, Art. I, §11
*This provision appears to have been superseded or may be obsolete, see this codified Iowa Constitution, Art. V, §1; the office of justice of peace was abolished by 1972 Acts, ch 1124
Sec. 2. Counties. No new county shall be hereafter created containing less than four hundred and thirty two square miles; nor shall the territory of any organized county be reduced below that area; except the county of Worth, and the counties west of it, along the northern boundary of this state, may be organized without additional territory.
Sec. 3. Indebtedness of political or municipal corporations. No county, or other political or municipal corporation shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount, in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable property within such county or corporation — to be ascertained by the last state and county tax lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness.
Statutory limitation, Iowa Code §346.24
Sec. 4. Boundaries of state. The boundaries of the state may be enlarged, with the consent of Congress and the general assembly.
See boundary compromise agreements at the end of the last volume of the Iowa Code
Sec. 5. Oath of office. Every person elected or appointed to any office, shall, before entering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States, and of this state, and also an oath of office.
See Iowa Code §63.10
Sec. 6. How vacancies filled. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office occurring before the expiration of a full term, the person so elected shall hold for the residue of the unexpired term; and all persons appointed to fill vacancies in office, shall hold until the next general election, and until their successors are elected and qualified.
Sec. 7. Land grants located. The general assembly shall not locate any of the public lands, which have been, or may be granted by Congress to this state, and the location of which may be given to the general assembly, upon lands actually settled, without the consent of the occupant. The extent of the claim of such occupant, so exempted, shall not exceed three hundred and twenty acres.
Sec. 8. Seat of government established — state university. The seat of government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk; and the state university, at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson.
In January of 1855, the fifth general assembly established a commission to relocate the seat of government to within two miles of the junction of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers in Polk county, see 1855 Acts, ch 72
ARTICLE XII.
SCHEDULE.
Section 1. Supreme law — constitutionality of acts. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the state, and any law inconsistent therewith, shall be void. The general assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into effect.
Sec. 2. Laws in force. All laws now in force and not inconsistent with this Constitution, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed.
Sec. 3. Proceedings not affected. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §3, for omitted language
Sec. 4. Fines inure to the state. Repealed by Amendment 35 (1974).
Sec. 5. Bonds in force. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §5, for omitted language
Sec. 6. First election for governor and lieutenant governor. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §6, for omitted language
Sec. 7. First election of officers. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §7, for omitted language
XII, §8, CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA (CODIFIED)
Sec. 8. For judges of supreme court. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §8, for omitted language
Sec. 9. General assembly — first session. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §9, for omitted language
Sec. 10. Senators. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §10, for omitted language
Sec. 11. Offices not vacated. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §11, for omitted language
Sec. 12. Judicial districts. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §12, for omitted language
Sec. 13. Submission of Constitution. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §13, for omitted language
Sec. 14. Proposition to strike out the word “white”. [* * *]*
*This provision requiring the separate submission of the proposition at the same election as the original Constitution has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §14, for omitted language
This proposition was submitted to the electorate, but failed to be adopted; see, however, Amendment 1 (1868)
Sec. 15. Mills county. [* * *]*
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §15, for omitted language
Sec. 16. General election. [* * *]*
Added by Amendment 11(1904); apparently superseded by codified Iowa Constitution, Art. II, §7, which was added by Amendment 14 (1916)
*This transitional provision has been omitted from this codified Iowa Constitution, see original Constitution, Art. XII, §16, for omitted language
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